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Chronic Kidney Disease Flashcards
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Chronic Kidney Disease Flashcards
Chronic Kidney Disease Flashcards
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1
Question
What is the primary reason for using exogenous erythropoietin in stages 4 and 5 of chronic kidney disease (KDOQI)?
Answer
To manage anemia caused by impaired erythropoietin production.
2
Question
Which class of drugs reduces heart rate, cardiac output, peripheral vascular resistance, and renin secretion?
Answer
β-blockers.
3
Question
How is uremia best described?
Answer
A syndrome resulting from the significant loss of renal function.
4
Question
What is the leading cause of anemia in chronic kidney disease?
Answer
Impaired production of erythropoietin by the kidneys.
5
Question
When is a decrease in glomerular filtration rate considered physiological?
Answer
In older people (aging-related decline).
6
Question
What criteria are included in the definition of chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
Answer
Glomerular filtration rate < 60 ml/min/1.73m² and kidney damage defined by structural or functional abnormalities.
7
Question
What glomerular filtration rate threshold defines end-stage renal disease (CKD stage 5 or End Stage Kidney Disease)?
Answer
Glomerular filtration rate less than 15 ml/min/1.73 m² or being on chronic dialysis (hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis).
8
Question
Which conditions are contraindications for renal transplantation?
Answer
Metastatic cancer and serious conditions unlikely to improve following transplantation.
9
Question
What renal changes commonly occur in a typical uncomplicated pregnancy?
Answer
Increased glomerular filtration rate, increased kidney size, and proteinuria up to 500 mg/day.
10
Question
Identify modifiable risk factors that contribute to the progression of chronic kidney disease.
Answer
Proteinuria, high blood pressure, hyperglycemia, and obesity.
11
Question
What are non-modifiable risk factors for chronic kidney disease progression?
Answer
Sex, genetics, and age.
12
Question
Which methods are commonly used to estimate glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in clinical practice?
Answer
MDRD formula, Cockcroft-Gault formula, and CKD-EPI formula.
13
Question
What treatments are included in managing end-stage renal disease?
Answer
Peritoneal dialysis, hemodialysis, and kidney transplantation.
14
Question
What laboratory findings and clinical features are typical in chronic kidney disease?
Answer
Increased serum creatinine, increased blood urea nitrogen, anemia, and hyperkalemia.
15
Question
Which treatments are commonly used to manage anemia in chronic kidney disease?
Answer
Erythropoietin injections and intravenous iron administration.
16
Question
What measures help slow the progression of chronic kidney disease?
Answer
Blood pressure control, reduction of proteinuria, and reduced protein intake.
17
Question
Which drug classes are considered kidney-protective in chronic kidney disease?
Answer
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, and nondihydropyridine calcium channel blockers (such as Verapamil and Diltiazem).
18
Question
To what level is protein intake recommended to be reduced in a patient with chronic kidney disease?
Answer
To 0.8 g/kg ideal body weight per day plus protein urinary loss; protein reduction is not recommended in patients with severe malnutrition.
19
Question
Which drugs are used specifically for the treatment of anemia in chronic kidney disease?
Answer
Darbepoetin-alpha, C.E.R.A. (Continuous Erythropoietin Receptor Activator), and recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO).
20
Question
What are the principal recommendations to reduce progression of chronic kidney disease?
Answer
Control blood pressure, restrict sodium chloride intake, and smoking cessation.
21
Question
Which frequent metabolic complications are associated with uremia?
Answer
Impaired glucose tolerance with insulin resistance, frequent hypoglycemia due to increased insulinemia, and hyperlipoproteinemia.
22
Question
What are common respiratory manifestations in chronic kidney disease?
Answer
Kussmaul breathing, Cheyne-Stokes respiration, and uremic pleurisy.
23
Question
Describe the typical hematological manifestations observed in chronic kidney disease.
Answer
Normochromic anemia, bleeding diathesis due to platelet dysfunction, and thrombocytopenia in end-stage renal disease.
24
Question
What are the main bone and mineral disorders caused by chronic kidney disease?
Answer
Osteitis fibrosa due to hyperparathyroidism, osteomalacia from defective mineralization, adynamic bone disease from low bone turnover, and osteopenia or osteoporosis.
25
Question
What neurological symptoms are frequently found in patients with chronic kidney disease?
Answer
Uremic encephalopathy, peripheral neuropathy, and Ekbom syndrome (restless legs syndrome).
26
Question
What gastrointestinal manifestations commonly occur in chronic kidney disease?
Answer
Uremic halitosis, uremic gastritis with anorexia and vomiting, and peptic ulcers due to increased gastrin levels.
27
Question
What abnormal laboratory values are typical in chronic kidney disease?
Answer
Increased blood creatinine and blood urea nitrogen, decreased glomerular filtration rate, and normochromic anemia.
28
Question
Which electrolyte imbalances commonly occur in chronic kidney disease?
Answer
Hypo- or hypernatremia, hyperkalemia, and hypocalcemia.
29
Question
What types of phosphate binders are used in chronic kidney disease management?
Answer
Calcium salts, aluminum salts, and sevelamer.
30
Question
What preparatory steps should be done before initiating chronic hemodialysis?
Answer
Establish vascular access, provide psychological counseling, and modify the diet to ensure balanced intake of proteins, calories, vitamins, and minerals.