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Political Participation Models and Welfare Regimes
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Political Participation Models and Welfare Regimes
Political Participation Models and Welfare Regimes
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1
Question
What is the Gladiator-Spectator Model?
Answer
A model of political participation that categorizes individuals into Gladiators (active participants), Spectators (observers), and Apathetics (disengaged).
2
Question
What are the characteristics of 'Gladiators' in the Gladiator-Spectator Model?
Answer
They are active in politics and comprise about 5-7% of the population.
3
Question
What are the characteristics of 'Spectators' in the Gladiator-Spectator Model?
Answer
They observe politics, may vote, and make up about 60% of the population.
4
Question
What are the characteristics of 'Apathetics' in the Gladiator-Spectator Model?
Answer
They are unengaged or disengaged, disinterested in politics, and comprise about a third of the population.
5
Question
What is the DHondt Formula?
Answer
A highest averages method for allocating seats in proportional representation electoral systems that favors larger parties.
6
Question
What is the Sainte-Laguë Method?
Answer
A highest averages method for allocating seats in proportional representation electoral systems that more closely reflects voter preference and advantages smaller parties.
7
Question
What is the main difference between the DHondt Formula and the Sainte-Laguë Method?
Answer
The DHondt Formula favors larger parties, while the Sainte-Laguë Method advantages smaller parties.
8
Question
What is the significance of T.H. Marshall's 'Citizenship and Social Class' (1950)?
Answer
It discusses emerging rights under capitalism and argues for citizenship as basic equality regardless of class, encompassing civil, political, and social rights.
9
Question
According to T.H. Marshall, what are the three types of rights that constitute citizenship?
Answer
Civil rights, political rights, and social rights.
10
Question
What are the key characteristics of Liberal Welfare States?
Answer
Means-testing and low benefits.
11
Question
What are the key characteristics of Conservative Welfare States?
Answer
Benefits linked to status.
12
Question
What are the key characteristics of Social Democratic Welfare States?
Answer
Universal benefits.
13
Question
What are the key characteristics of the first welfare regime?
Answer
Universality, limited redistribution, service-oriented, market-based social insurance.
14
Question
What are the key characteristics of the second welfare regime?
Answer
Minimal redistribution, popular support, families as a defense against social risks.
15
Question
What are the key characteristics of the third welfare regime?
Answer
High decommodification and graduated benefits, low popular support.
16
Question
What are the key characteristics of the fourth welfare regime?
Answer
Limited subsidiarity according to earnings, highly patriarchal and the encouragement of motherhood.
17
Question
What is a key characteristic of the first welfare regime?
Answer
Occupation