/
Oral Contraceptives and Biological Sex Variations
Save to my account
Sign up
Oral Contraceptives and Biological Sex Variations
Oral Contraceptives and Biological Sex Variations
Study
1
Question
What are the 3 pathways to preventing pregnancy through contraception?
Answer
1. Increase estrogen to reduce FSH 2. Increase Progesterone
2
Question
How does the estrogen component of the pill work?
Answer
By artificially increasing estrogen, it tells the body not to stimulate the pituitary to produce FSH, thus blocking ovulation.
3
Question
How do progestin-only pills work?
Answer
1. Inhibit ovulation 2. Thicken cervical mucus, making sperm passage difficult 3. Decrease buildup of the endometrial lining 4. Decrease Fallopian tube cilia movement
4
Question
What is a notable interaction of oral contraceptives with other drugs?
Answer
Antibiotics may reduce the effectiveness of the pill.
5
Question
Name the types of different combination pills?
Answer
Ortho Low estrogen, low progestin Yasmin Triphasic Pill Triphasil Progestin-Only Pill
6
Question
What is the active ingredient in Plan B, and what is its primary action?
Answer
Levonorgestrel, a progestin. Its primary action is to prevent pregnancy by stopping ovulation, inhibiting sperm function, preventing fertilization, or inhibiting the development of endometrium.
7
Question
What are some psychological aspects influenced by oral contraceptives?
Answer
Attractiveness Preferences Cognitive Changes Mood Jealousy
8
Question
How do attractiveness preferences change in normally cycling women in the long-term context?
Answer
Normally cycling women preferred less masculine faces in the long-term context.
9
Question
How do attractiveness ratings differ between pill users and non-pill users when viewing photos?
Answer
No Pill females spent more time looking at the genitals in the photo Pill users focused on contextual details such as clothing and background
10
Question
How does increased estrogen (typical of the follicular phase) affect the recognition of emotions?
Answer
Increased Estrogen typical of the follicular phase associated with recognition of emotions in particular disgust
11
Question
When are more recognition errors observed in relation to the menstrual cycle, and why?
Answer
More recognition errors in follicular phase than luteal phase when progestins dominate Estrogen may be suppressing positive emotions to focus on more negative immediate ones
12
Question
How does progesterone impact cognitive changes and facial expression recognition?
Answer
OC users make more errors in recognizing facial expressions sadness anger disgust
13
Question
What are the effects of increased progesterone in cognitive function?
Answer
Associated with increased attention and focus when preparing for pregnancy.
14
Question
What is the effect of androgenic progestins in oral contraceptives?
Answer
Androgenic progestins in some oral contraceptives can lead to the development of male characteristics.
15
Question
What brain areas are affected in newer pill users with anti-androgenic progestins, and what are their functions?
Answer
Newer pill users with anti-androgenic progestins showed engorgement in the fusiform face area (facial information) and parahippocampal place area (recognizing places).
16
Question
How do oral contraceptives affect mood variability during the menstrual cycle?
Answer
Oral contraceptive use can reduce the variability of affect across the menstrual cycle due to suppressed cyclical changes in ovarian hormones.
17
Question
What is the adaptive function of jealousy?
Answer
Jealousy is adaptive and monitors for potential threats to monopolization of paternal resources.
18
Question
How does jealousy differ in single vs. partnered women on oral contraceptives compared to naturally cycling women?
Answer
Single OC users scored in-between fertile/non-fertile women on jealousy; partnered women using OCs reported higher jealousy than naturally cycling women.
19
Question
What is an intersexed person?
Answer
A person who possesses both male and female biological traits; genitalia may appear somewhere between a penis and a vagina.
20
Question
Name some variations of biological sex.
Answer
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia, Swyer Syndrome, Complete/Partial androgen insensitivity syndrome, 5 alpha-reductase deficiency, Turners syndrome, Klinefelters syndrome.
21
Question
At what stage after conception do the undifferentiated genitalia form?
Answer
5-6 weeks
22
Question
What two sets of primitive ducts do each embryo (male/female) possess?
Answer
Mullerian (female) and Wolffian (male)
23
Question
During the first 6 weeks, which sex do both sexes resemble?
Answer
Primitive female structures
24
Question
According to Alfred Jost, what is the default pathway of most fetal tissues in mammals?
Answer
To develop in the female direction
25
Question
During which week does the genetic code (XX or XY) assert itself?
Answer
7th week
26
Question
What happens if the Y chromosome is absent during fetal development?
Answer
Ovaries develop and begin to form (later at 11-12 weeks)
27
Question
What are Mullerian Ducts?
Answer
Embryonic structures that develop into female sexual and reproductive organs unless inhibited by male hormones
28
Question
What are Wolffian Ducts?
Answer
Embryonic structures that develop into male sexual and reproductive organs if male hormones are present
29
Question
What is Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)?
Answer
Inherited recessive gene resulting in deficiency in the production of cortisol and the overproduction of adrenal androgens
30
Question
How does excessive androgen affect a female fetus between the 9th and 13th week of gestation in CAH?
Answer
Genital ambiguity can result