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Animal Nutrition Basics
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Animal Nutrition Basics
Animal Nutrition Basics
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1
Question
What are the three categories of animals based on their diets?
Answer
1. Herbivores - primarily consume autotrophs such as plants and algae. 2. Carnivores - primarily consume other animals. 3. Omnivores - consume both animals and plants or algal matter.
2
Question
What are the three main components that an animal's diet must supply?
Answer
1. Chemical energy - converted into ATP to power bodily processes. 2. Organic molecules - including a source of organic carbon and organic nitrogen necessary for constructing organic molecules. 3. Essential nutrients - required by cells that must be obtained from dietary sources.
3
Question
What are the four classes of essential nutrients required by animals?
Answer
1. Essential amino acids 2. Essential fatty acids 3. Vitamins 4. Minerals.
4
Question
How many amino acids do animals require and how many can they synthesize?
Answer
Animals require 20 amino acids and can synthesize about half of them from molecules in their diet. The remaining amino acids, known as essential amino acids, must be obtained from food.
5
Question
What is the consequence of a diet that provides insufficient essential amino acids?
Answer
It causes malnutrition known as protein deficiency.
6
Question
What defines a complete protein?
Answer
Complete proteins are foods that provide all the essential amino acids. Sources of complete proteins include meat, eggs, and cheese.
7
Question
Why do individuals who eat only plant proteins need to combine different plant foods?
Answer
Most plant proteins are incomplete in their amino acid makeup, so specific combinations of plant sources are necessary to obtain all essential amino acids.
8
Question
List the 8 essential amino acids for adults and provide one dietary source for each.
Answer
1. Methionine - Beans and other legumes 2. Valine - Beans and other legumes 3. Threonine - Beans and other legumes 4. Phenylalanine - Corn (maize) and other grains 5. Leucine - Corn (maize) and other grains 6. Isoleucine - Corn (maize) and other grains 7. Tryptophan - Corn (maize) and other grains 8. Lysine - Corn (maize) and other grains.
9
Question
What are essential fatty acids and how are they obtained?
Answer
Essential fatty acids are certain unsaturated fatty acids that animals must obtain from their diet, as they cannot synthesize them. Deficiencies in fatty acids are rare.
10
Question
What are vitamins and what role do they play in nutrition?
Answer
Vitamins are organic molecules required in the diet in small amounts. Many vitamins function as coenzymes and are essential for various biochemical processes.
11
Question
How are vitamins categorized?
Answer
Vitamins are grouped into two categories: 1. Fat-soluble vitamins 2. Water-soluble vitamins.
12
Question
What are minerals and what is their significance in nutrition?
Answer
Minerals are simple inorganic nutrients, usually required in small amounts, that serve important functions including acting as cofactors for enzymes.
13
Question
What is dietary deficiency and how does it affect animal health?
Answer
Dietary deficiency occurs when the diet lacks essential nutrients, which can lead to various health issues and disorders due to the inadequate supply of necessary biological components.
14
Question
What is the definition of undernourishment?
Answer
Undernourishment is the result of a diet that consistently supplies less chemical energy than the body requires.
15
Question
What are the consequences of being undernourished?
Answer
An undernourished individual will use up stored fat and carbohydrates, break down its own proteins, lose muscle mass, suffer protein deficiency of the brain, and may die or suffer irreversible damage.
16
Question
How does malnourishment differ from undernourishment?
Answer
Malnourishment is the long-term absence from the diet of one or more essential nutrients, while undernourishment refers to insufficient energy intake.
17
Question
What are potential effects of malnourishment?
Answer
Malnourishment can cause deformities, disease, and death.
18
Question
Can malnourishment be corrected?
Answer
Yes, malnourishment can be corrected by changes to the diet.
19
Question
What insights into human nutrition have been gained from epidemiology?
Answer
Epidemiology, the study of human health and disease in populations, has provided insights such as the link between folic acid deficiency in pregnant mothers and neural tube defects.
20
Question
What are the main stages of food processing?
Answer
The main stages of food processing are ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination.
21
Question
Define ingestion in the context of food processing.
Answer
Ingestion is the act of eating.
22
Question
What are the different types of feeders in the animal kingdom?
Answer
There are suspension feeders, substrate feeders, fluid feeders, and bulk feeders.
23
Question
What is a suspension feeder? Give an example.
Answer
Suspension feeders are aquatic animals that sift small food particles from the water; an example is the humpback whale.
24
Question
What is a substrate feeder? Give an example.
Answer
Substrate feeders are animals that live in or on their food sources; an example is a leaf miner caterpillar.
25
Question
What is a fluid feeder? Give an example.
Answer
Fluid feeders suck nutrient-rich fluid from a living host; an example is a mosquito.
26
Question
What is a bulk feeder? Give an example.
Answer
Bulk feeders eat relatively large pieces of food; an example is a rock python.
27
Question
What is digestion and its purpose in the body?
Answer
Digestion is the process of breaking food down into soluble molecules that are small enough to be absorbed.
28
Question
What is chemical digestion?
Answer
Chemical digestion is the process of enzymatic hydrolysis that splits bonds in molecules with the addition of water.
29
Question
What is absorption in the digestive process?
Answer
Absorption is the uptake of nutrients by body cells.
30
Question
Define elimination in the context of food processing.
Answer
Elimination is the passage of undigested material out of the digestive compartment.