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Genetic Mutations and Engineering
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Genetic Mutations and Engineering
Genetic Mutations and Engineering
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1
Question
What is a mutation?
Answer
A change in the genetic code of a cell.
2
Question
What is a genome?
Answer
The complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell or organism.
3
Question
What is a point mutation?
Answer
A mutation in which a single nucleotide is changed.
4
Question
What is a chromosome mutation?
Answer
A mutation involving large segments of DNA.
5
Question
What is a spontaneous mutation?
Answer
A naturally occurring mutation.
6
Question
What is an induced mutation?
Answer
A mutation produced by environmental factors.
7
Question
What does mutagenic mean?
Answer
Causing mutations in DNA.
8
Question
What is a germline mutation?
Answer
A mutation of DNA in gametes, which can be inherited.
9
Question
What is a somatic mutation?
Answer
A mutation that occurs in somatic (body) cells, which cannot be inherited.
10
Question
What are neutral mutations?
Answer
Mutations that make no difference to the organism's ability to survive and reproduce.
11
Question
What are harmful mutations?
Answer
Mutations that may cause death or make it less likely that genetic material will be passed on.
12
Question
What are beneficial/advantageous mutations?
Answer
Mutations that increase the chance that the organism will survive and reproduce.
13
Question
What are the four types of point mutations?
Answer
Substitution, Insertion, Deletion, and Inversion.
14
Question
What is a substitution mutation?
Answer
A type of point mutation in which one nucleotide is replaced for another.
15
Question
What is a substitution mutation?
Answer
A point mutation in which one nucleotide is replaced for another, potentially changing the amino acid coded for.
16
Question
What is an example of a disease caused by a substitution mutation?
Answer
Sickle cell anaemia.
17
Question
What is an insertion mutation?
Answer
A point mutation in which an extra nucleotide or more than one nucleotide is inserted into the DNA sequence.
18
Question
What type of mutation is an insertion mutation and why?
Answer
Frameshift mutation, because it changes the DNA code for all amino acids that follow the insertion.
19
Question
What is an example of a disease caused by an insertion mutation?
Answer
Fragile X syndrome.
20
Question
What is a deletion mutation?
Answer
A point mutation in which a nucleotide is deleted from the sequence.
21
Question
What type of mutation is a deletion mutation and why?
Answer
Frameshift mutation, because it changes the DNA code for all amino acids that follow the deletion.
22
Question
What is an example of a disease caused by a deletion mutation?
Answer
Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
23
Question
What is an inversion mutation?
Answer
A point mutation in which the order of two nucleotides is reversed.
24
Question
What is an example of a disease caused by an inversion mutation?
Answer
Haemophilia.
25
Question
What is a chromosome mutation?
Answer
A mutation involving large segments of DNA.
26
Question
What is non-disjunction?
Answer
When chromosomes fail to separate correctly in meiosis.
27
Question
What is aneuploidy?
Answer
When an individual has an abnormal number of chromosomes.
28
Question
What is trisomy?
Answer
When an organism has a third copy of a chromosome.
29
Question
What is an example of a trisomy condition?
Answer
Down syndrome (Trisomy 21).
30
Question
What is Trisomy 21?
Answer
A genetic disorder characterized by short stature, distinctive facial features, heart problems, and developmental delays, caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.