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Understanding Justice Concepts
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Understanding Justice Concepts
Understanding Justice Concepts
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1
Question
What is the etymology of the word 'justice'?
Answer
The word 'justice' is derived from the Latin word 'jus,' which means 'right' and 'law.'
2
Question
What are the three definitions of justice?
Answer
1. The quality of being just, impartial, or fair. 2. The principle or ideal of just dealing or right action. 3. The quality of conforming to law.
3
Question
What is the concept of distributive justice?
Answer
Distributive justice is concerned with the questions of who gets to decide distribution, who gets what, on what basis, and examines concepts of needs and deserts.
4
Question
What is justice as equality?
Answer
Justice as equality is the belief that everyone should receive the same kind and amount of resources, regardless of individual differences.
5
Question
What is need-based justice?
Answer
Need-based justice is the belief that resources should not be distributed equally, as needs vary among individuals.
6
Question
What is merit-based justice?
Answer
Merit-based justice is the principle of distributing resources unequally based on what each person deserves.
7
Question
How is justice related to harmony in a society?
Answer
Justice is viewed as the harmonization of function, meaning that a just society is one where everyone fulfills their societal roles effectively, leading to smooth functioning.
8
Question
Who is depicted in the image description provided?
Answer
The image description depicts Plato, a philosopher known for his contributions to ethics, political philosophy, and justice.
9
Question
What is the significance of the question 'Who gets to have more than others?' in discussions of justice?
Answer
This question highlights the issues of inequality and the ethical basis for distribution of resources in a society.
10
Question
In the context of justice, what does the phrase 'justice is fairness' imply according to John Rawls?
Answer
The phrase suggests that justice involves fair treatment and equitable distribution of goods and opportunities in society.
11
Question
Who is John Rawls?
Answer
John Rawls was an American political philosopher, widely recognized for his work in moral and political philosophy, particularly in the 20th century. His most influential work is 'A Theory of Justice' published in 1971, where he proposes a concept of justice as fairness.
12
Question
What are the two principles of justice proposed by John Rawls?
Answer
The two principles of justice proposed by John Rawls are: 1) The Principle of Equal Liberty: Each person has an equal right to the most extensive total system of equal basic liberties compatible with similar liberties for others. 2) The Difference Principle: Social and economic inequalities are to be arranged so that they are both (a) to the greatest benefit of the least advantaged and (b) attached to offices and positions open to all under conditions of fair equality of opportunity.
13
Question
Explain the 'Original Position' in Rawls' theory.
Answer
The 'Original Position' is a hypothetical situation used by Rawls to determine the principles of justice. In this scenario, individuals would choose principles behind a 'Veil of Ignorance,' which prevents them from knowing their social status, natural abilities, or personal circumstances. This ensures impartiality in their decision-making regarding justice.
14
Question
What does the 'Veil of Ignorance' signify?
Answer
The 'Veil of Ignorance' is a crucial idea in Rawls' theory, suggesting that individuals in the Original Position select principles of justice without knowledge of their personal characteristics or social positions. This aims to create a fair and just society since no one would want to implement principles that disadvantage them.
15
Question
Define 'Justice as Fairness' according to Rawls.
Answer
'Justice as Fairness' is John Rawls' conception of justice that asserts that the principles of justice must be based on fairness. It emphasizes that social institutions should promote a fair distribution of goods and opportunities, considering the interests of the least advantaged members of society.
16
Question
What critique did Robert Nozick provide against Rawls' theory?
Answer
Robert Nozick criticized Rawls' theory in his book 'Anarchy, State, and Utopia,' where he argued against the redistribution of wealth that Rawls' Difference Principle would necessitate. Nozick defended a libertarian approach to justice, stating that individuals have rights to their holdings and that any distribution should not violate individual rights.
17
Question
Discuss Rawls' concept of 'Fair Equality of Opportunity.'
Answer
Fair Equality of Opportunity is one aspect of Rawls' second principle of justice, which insists that individuals should have equal chances to attain positions of advantage regardless of their socio-economic background. It requires that social structures offer opportunities for all, compensating for any disadvantage stemming from one's background.
18
Question
How does Rawls relate justice to democratic principles?
Answer
Rawls connects justice to democratic principles by advocating for a political system where citizens participate equally in the decision-making process. His principles prioritize the protection of individual freedoms and ensure that citizens’ interests are represented fairly, thus promoting a democratic society.
19
Question
What is the significance of the 'Difference Principle' in a society's economy?
Answer
The Difference Principle implies that economic inequalities are permissible only if they benefit the least advantaged members of society. This principle urges a focus on policies that improve the welfare of the poorest, thereby fostering a more equitable economic system.
20
Question
In what way does Rawls' approach to justice differ from utilitarianism?
Answer
Rawls' approach differs from utilitarianism in that it does not prioritize maximizing overall happiness or welfare at the expense of individuals. Instead, it focuses on protecting the rights and interests of the least advantaged, ensuring fairness in the distribution of benefits and burdens in society.
21
Question
What role does social cooperation play in Rawls' theory?
Answer
Social cooperation is foundational in Rawls' theory as it underpins the establishment of justice in society. Rawls argues that justice is necessary for cooperation among individuals, who must work together to create a viable and harmonious social structure benefiting all members.
22
Question
How does Rawls address the challenge of pluralism in society?
Answer
Rawls acknowledges the diversity of beliefs and conceptions of the good in a pluralistic society. He argues that a just society should agree on principles of justice that govern public life, allowing for coexistence of different views while maintaining a framework that supports justice for all.
23
Question
What is Robert Nozick's view on moral entitlement?
Answer
Robert Nozick believes that anyone who acquires something through legitimate means is morally entitled to it, as long as it wasn't obtained through theft or unjust methods.
24
Question
How does Nozick's perspective contrast with other theories of justice?
Answer
Nozick's perspective emphasizes individual entitlement and property rights, contrasting with theories that focus on redistributive justice or collective rights.
25
Question
Define Hedonism in ethical theory.
Answer
Hedonism is the ethical theory that posits pleasure, defined as the satisfaction of desires, as the highest good and primary aim of human life.
26
Question
What is Utilitarianism?
Answer
Utilitarianism is the ethical theory that advocates for actions that promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people.
27
Question
What are Negative Rights?
Answer
Negative Rights are the rights concerning non-interference; they entail the right not to be stopped by others while pursuing one's own needs.
28
Question
What are Positive Rights?
Answer
Positive Rights are entitlements that require aid from others; they indicate that individuals have a right to be provided help in obtaining something they cannot acquire themselves.
29
Question
What does it mean when rights imply obligations?
Answer
When rights imply obligations, it means that if someone has a right, there are corresponding duties on others to respect, protect, or fulfill that right.
30
Question
What is the role of the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) in the Philippines?
Answer
The DSWD is responsible for implementing programs and services aimed at social welfare and development, including support for vulnerable populations.