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Biological Processes and Structures FRQ
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Biological Processes and Structures FRQ
Biological Processes and Structures FRQ
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1
Question
What must students include in their FRQ answers for the AP Biology Progress Check?
Answer
Answers must be written out in paragraph form. Outlines, bulleted lists, or diagrams alone are not acceptable and will not be scored.
2
Question
What type of cells do B cells fuse with to keep them growing for a long time in laboratories?
Answer
B cells are fused with cancer cells.
3
Question
Why are cancer cells treated with chemicals before fusion with B cells?
Answer
The cancer cells are treated with chemicals that make them unable to produce the nitrogenous bases adenine and guanine.
4
Question
What nutrient source is necessary for growing fused B-cancer cells in a growth medium?
Answer
The growth medium must contain a source of carbon and necessary nutrients for the cells.
5
Question
Describe the role of carbon in biological systems according to the AP Biology Progress Check.
Answer
Carbon is used to build biological macromolecules such as carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids.
6
Question
How do the polar parts of the phospholipids interact during the fusion of B cells and cancer cells?
Answer
The polar parts of the phospholipids from one cell will align or interact with the polar parts of the phospholipids from the other cell.
7
Question
How do the nonpolar parts of the phospholipids interact during the fusion of B cells and cancer cells?
Answer
The nonpolar parts of the phospholipids from one cell will align or interact with the nonpolar parts of the phospholipids from the other cell.
8
Question
What is the most immediate effect on fused B-cancer cells if transferred to a growth medium lacking nitrogen?
Answer
The cells will die OR will be unable to synthesize nucleic acids, nucleotides, and amino acids/polypeptides/proteins.
9
Question
What type of protein is Receptor mentioned in the AP Biology Progress Check?
Answer
Receptor is a single-polypeptide protein that is found in the membrane around certain types of cells.
10
Question
What structural features does Receptor lack?
Answer
Receptor contains no alpha-helices or beta sheets.
11
Question
What is formed when amino acids are joined into a polypeptide?
Answer
Covalent peptide bonds are formed.
12
Question
What process joins amino acids into a polypeptide?
Answer
The process is called dehydration synthesis or a condensation reaction.
13
Question
Why did the shape of Receptor change due to the amino acid substitutions?
Answer
The change in the amino acid sequence caused a change in the shape of Receptor due to the original amino acids being replaced by amino acids with different side chains (properties).
14
Question
Which levels of protein structure are expected to be altered as a result of amino acid substitutions?
Answer
Primary structure and tertiary structure.
15
Question
How might the function of Receptor be affected by amino acid substitution?
Answer
If Receptor's shape changes, its function is likely to change because function is determined by shape, potentially altering the binding of the molecule or the cellular response.
16
Question
Which feature of biological information is coded in a molecule as per model 1 in MCQ1?
Answer
The linear sequence of the base pairs.
17
Question
In reference to the diagram, what can be broken to remove and replace a nucleotide without affecting coded information according to MCQ2?
Answer
Bonds and at the same time.
18
Question
What part of the structure distinguishes ribose from deoxyribose?
Answer
A ribose sugar has an -OH group linked to the carbon that a deoxyribose sugar does not have.
19
Question
What is the primary structural difference between starch and cellulose?
Answer
In cellulose, every other glucose monomer is rotated 180 degrees.
20
Question
How does the orientation of glucose monomers affect the properties of starch and cellulose?
Answer
The alternating orientations of glucose monomers in cellulose create beta-bonds that produce a rigid polymer, while the identical orientations in starch create alpha-bonds that are easier to break down into glucose for energy.
21
Question
What process adds a monosaccharide to an existing polysaccharide?
Answer
A specific enzyme removes the hydrogen from the monosaccharide and the hydroxide from the polysaccharide, creating a bond and producing a water molecule during dehydration synthesis.
22
Question
What would happen if cattle lost the ability to maintain microorganisms in their digestive tract?
Answer
Cattle would no longer be able to use cellulose as a primary source of glucose.
23
Question
How does the structure of ice benefit aquatic organisms during freezing temperatures?
Answer
Ice is less dense than liquid water and floats, maintaining a warmer, denser water at the lake bottom.
24
Question
What properties of water result from its polar covalent nature?
Answer
Polarity contributes to hydrogen bonding between water molecules, essential for many biological processes.
25
Question
Which statement describes how water is pulled up through the xylem to the leaves of plants?
Answer
As water exits the leaf, hydrogen bonding between water molecules pulls more water up from below.
26
Question
What type of bonds form between water molecules in the xylem?
Answer
Hydrogen bonds.
27
Question
How do hydrogen bonds assist in the movement of water molecules in the xylem?
Answer
They help pull water molecules up the xylem.
28
Question
What effect does evaporation of water from the leaf have on hydrogen bonds?
Answer
It increases the hydrogen bonds that form between water molecules in the air.
29
Question
What is the correct answer option related to the effect of atmospheric enrichment on plant growth under ideal and stressed conditions?
Answer
C: The increase in atmospheric resulted in a greater increase in plant growth under stressed conditions than under ideal conditions.
30
Question
Which nutrient is essential for plant growth as discussed in the text?
Answer
Phosphorus (P).