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Fungal and Bacterial Infections Overview
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Fungal and Bacterial Infections Overview
Fungal and Bacterial Infections Overview
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1
Question
What is the geographical distribution of Coccidioidomycosis?
Answer
Limited to North and South America.
2
Question
What are the synonyms for Coccidioidomycosis?
Answer
Posadas disease, San Joaquin Valley Fever, Desert Fever.
3
Question
What is the etiology of Coccidioidomycosis?
Answer
Coccidioides immitis, a diphasic fungus with mycelial phase in soil and spherule phase in organic tissues and fluids.
4
Question
What is the incubation period for Coccidioidomycosis?
Answer
1-4 weeks (1 month).
5
Question
How is Coccidioidomycosis transmitted?
Answer
Inhalation of spores from feces of cattle, sheep, dog, and wild rodents.
6
Question
What are the primary clinical signs of Coccidioidomycosis?
Answer
Affects skin as a self-limiting disease, characterized by erythema nodosum and arthralgia.
7
Question
What are the symptoms of progressive Coccidioidomycosis?
Answer
Has systemic signs and influenza-like symptoms; primarily a pulmonary disease acquired upon inhalation of the agent.
8
Question
What are the complications of Coccidioidomycosis?
Answer
Osteomyelitis, cutaneous lesions, meningitis.
9
Question
What is the treatment for Coccidioidomycosis?
Answer
Amphotericin B and Ketoconazole.
10
Question
How can Coccidioidomycosis be prevented?
Answer
Avoid human exposure to endemic areas, especially immunocompromised individuals; implement dust control measures.
11
Question
What is the geographical distribution of Histoplasmosis?
Answer
Worldwide.
12
Question
What are the synonyms for Histoplasmosis?
Answer
Reticuloendothelial cytomycosis, Cavernous disease, Darling's disease (zoonotic form).
13
Question
What is the etiology of Histoplasmosis?
Answer
Histoplasma capsulatum, which is a yeast parasitic form and filamentous mycelial saprophytic form in soil.
14
Question
What is the incubation period for Histoplasmosis?
Answer
1-3 weeks.
15
Question
How is Histoplasmosis transmitted?
Answer
Inhalation of spores from soil and excreta of birds and bats.
16
Question
What are the clinical forms of Histoplasmosis?
Answer
1. Acute Pulmonary - most common form, has influenza-like symptoms for 1 to several weeks; 2. Chronic Cavitary Pulmonary - resembles tuberculosis; 3. Disseminated - in acute it causes hepatosplenomegaly, fever, prostration; in chronic it causes pneumonia, hepatitis, endocarditis.
17
Question
What is the treatment for Histoplasmosis?
Answer
Amphotericin B and Ketoconazole.
18
Question
How can Histoplasmosis be prevented?
Answer
Avoid inhalation of dust, especially in endemic areas.
19
Question
What is the geographical distribution of Cryptococcosis?
Answer
Worldwide.
20
Question
What are the synonyms for Cryptococcosis?
Answer
Torulosis, European blastomycosis, Buss-Buschke's disease.
21
Question
What is the etiology of Cryptococcosis?
Answer
Cryptococcus neoformans, a saprophytic yeast, not biphasic.
22
Question
How is Cryptococcosis transmitted?
Answer
Inhalation of dust from pigeon droppings; entry of agent through skin, mouth, nose, and throat.
23
Question
What are the primary clinical signs of Cryptococcosis?
Answer
Primarily a pulmonary disease but can progress to meningitis or meningoencephalitis, resulting in confusion, personality changes, agitation, and lethargy.
24
Question
What is the treatment for Cryptococcosis?
Answer
Amphotericin B, Flucytosine, fluconazole.
25
Question
How can Cryptococcosis be prevented?
Answer
Avoid human exposure to pigeon excrement; avoid immunosuppression and corticosteroid treatment.
26
Question
What is the geographical distribution of Dermatophytosis?
Answer
Worldwide.
27
Question
What are the synonyms for Dermatophytosis?
Answer
Tinea, Ringworm, Dermatomycosis.
28
Question
What is the etiology of Dermatophytosis?
Answer
Zoophilic fungi like Microsporum canis, Trichophyton verrucosum, T. equinum; Anthrophilic fungi like Trichophyton mentagrophytes.
29
Question
What is the incubation period for Dermatophytosis?
Answer
1-2 weeks.
30
Question
How is Dermatophytosis transmitted?
Answer
Direct contact with infected animals; infected animals can be sick carrier animals.