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Attention and Hearing Concepts
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Attention and Hearing Concepts
Attention and Hearing Concepts
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1
Question
How many things can you attend to at once?
Answer
Capacity limited to 1-4 items and is necessary for conscious recognition.
2
Question
What is necessary for conscious recognition?
Answer
Attention is necessary for conscious recognition.
3
Question
What is change blindness?
Answer
Change blindness is a phenomenon where a change in a visual stimulus goes unnoticed, emphasizing the limitations of attention.
4
Question
What is inattentional blindness?
Answer
Inattentional blindness is the failure to notice a fully visible but unexpected object because attention was engaged on another task.
5
Question
What is attentional blink?
Answer
Attentional blink is the phenomenon where there is a brief period after perceiving one stimulus during which a second stimulus cannot be perceived.
6
Question
What happens to an item's representation when attention leaves it?
Answer
Once attention leaves an item or feature, its representation is not retained in working memory.
7
Question
What demonstrates change in features of an object without detection?
Answer
Virtual reality and package sorting can change features of an object without detection, even if that feature was just used but is no longer important for one's task.
8
Question
What do points 1 and 2 suggest about attention?
Answer
Points 1 and 2 suggest that attention should be allocated efficiently.
9
Question
What are bottom-up effects in attention?
Answer
Bottom-up effects involve saliency models that are effective when there is no task but random when there is a task.
10
Question
What are saliency maps?
Answer
Different areas code for different features with local competitive interactions resulting in feature-specific saliency maps, which combine into a master saliency map with a winner-takes-all competition for attention.
11
Question
What is the role of top-down effects in attention?
Answer
Top-down effects control the allocation of attention based on goals and expectations.
12
Question
What did the Yarbus eye tracking task demonstrate?
Answer
The Yarbus eye tracking task showed that observers' eye movements are influenced by their goals and instructions given before viewing.
13
Question
What is feature-based attention?
Answer
Feature-based attention occurs when participants are cued with specific colors to look for targets in a visual array.
14
Question
What can influence attentional capture?
Answer
Attentional capture is more likely for distractors that share features, such as color, with a target.
15
Question
What was shown in the Most et al. study regarding motorcycles and colored routes?
Answer
In the study, drivers braked quicker and had fewer collisions when a motorcycle matched the color of the directed route.
16
Question
What is the significance of working memory in visual search?
Answer
Working memory is the potential method for biasing attention towards relevant features, as shown in dual-task experiments.
17
Question
What is the impact of prior knowledge on visual search?
Answer
Prior knowledge can rapidly constrain visual search based on scene gist and previous interactions with the scene.
18
Question
What are visual routines?
Answer
Visual routines are systematic ways of directing attention to task-relevant locations based on the current stage of behavior.
19
Question
What task demonstrated the effect of visual routines in driving?
Answer
In a driving simulator task, participants were more likely to detect a stop sign at an intersection than mid-block.
20
Question
What is contextual cuing?
Answer
Contextual cuing is the process by which people become faster at locating targets in repeated search arrays, even if they cannot identify which arrays are repeated.
21
Question
What is value-driven attentional capture?
Answer
Value-driven attentional capture occurs when a feature, such as color, that has been paired with reward automatically captures attention, even if the subject is unaware.
22
Question
What is the significance of spatial likelihood in visual search?
Answer
If targets are more likely to appear in a given quadrant of the screen, people are faster to find them there, even if they don't realize it.
23
Question
What is the psychological refractory period (PRP)?
Answer
The psychological refractory period refers to the phenomenon where individuals cannot completely multitask, as one decision must wait until another is completed.
24
Question
What are the implications of PRP for cell phone use while driving?
Answer
Cell phone use while driving leads to slower reaction times and increased accidents, demonstrating the cognitive load of multitasking.
25
Question
What is the difference in driving performance between hands-free and handheld phone use?
Answer
The problem with driving is less about holding the phone and more about the cognitive distraction it causes, leading to accidents predominantly in the cell phone group.
26
Question
What are the effects of cell phone use compared to drunk driving?
Answer
Cell phone use produces slower braking times and more collisions compared to other tasks that do not require decision-making.
27
Question
What role does the ear's anatomy play in hearing?
Answer
The outer ear focuses sound energy into the ear, the middle ear amplifies sound pressure, and the inner ear converts sound energy into neural events.
28
Question
What are the components of the outer ear?
Answer
The outer ear consists of the pinna, ear canal, and ear drum.
29
Question
What are the functions of the middle ear?
Answer
The middle ear contains the malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and stapes (stirrup) and serves to amplify pressure and dampen loud sounds.
30
Question
What is the cochlea's function in hearing?
Answer
The cochlea converts sound energy into neural events through sensory transduction.