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Endocrine System Overview
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Endocrine System Overview
Endocrine System Overview
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1
Question
What does the endocrine system do?
Answer
The endocrine system releases hormones into the bloodstream, allowing them to travel to cells in other parts of the body. These hormones help control mood, growth and development, organ functions, metabolism, and reproduction.
2
Question
What are the factors that affect hormone levels?
Answer
Many factors affect hormone levels, such as stress, infection, and changes in the balance of fluid and minerals in the blood.
3
Question
What is the function of the Growth Hormone (GH)?
Answer
GH stimulates growth and cell reproduction.
4
Question
What is the function of the Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)?
Answer
TSH stimulates thyroid hormone release.
5
Question
What is the function of the Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)?
Answer
ACTH stimulates cortisol release from the adrenal glands.
6
Question
What is the function of Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)?
Answer
LH and FSH regulate reproductive functions.
7
Question
What hormones are released by the Thyroid Gland and their functions?
Answer
Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) regulate metabolism, energy production, and growth; Calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity.
8
Question
What is the function of Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)?
Answer
PTH increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts.
9
Question
What is the function of Cortisol?
Answer
Cortisol regulates metabolism, reduces inflammation, and helps with stress response.
10
Question
What is the function of Aldosterone?
Answer
Aldosterone regulates sodium and potassium balance, influencing blood pressure.
11
Question
What is the function of Adrenaline (Epinephrine)?
Answer
Adrenaline increases heart rate and energy availability during stress (fight-or-flight response).
12
Question
What is the function of Insulin?
Answer
Insulin lowers blood glucose levels by facilitating cellular uptake of glucose.
13
Question
What is the function of Glucagon?
Answer
Glucagon raises blood glucose levels by stimulating glycogen breakdown in the liver.
14
Question
What hormones are produced by the Gonads, and what are their functions?
Answer
Estrogen and Progesterone regulate female reproductive functions.
15
Question
What is the function of Melatonin?
Answer
Melatonin regulates sleep-wake cycles and circadian rhythms.
16
Question
What is the function of Thymosin?
Answer
Thymosin supports immune function and the development of T-cells.
17
Question
What are the characteristics of Steroid Hormones?
Answer
Steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol, are lipophilic (fat-soluble), have intracellular receptors, alter gene expression, have a slower onset of action (hours to days), and have longer-lasting effects.
18
Question
What are the characteristics of Non-Steroid Hormones?
Answer
Non-steroid hormones are composed of amino acids or proteins, are hydrophilic (water-soluble), have membrane-bound receptors, activate second messengers, have a faster onset of action (minutes to hours), and have shorter-lived effects.
19
Question
What is the function of Insulin during exercise?
Answer
Insulin lowers blood glucose levels by promoting the uptake of glucose by cells and stimulating glycogen synthesis in the liver and muscles. Levels typically decrease during exercise to prioritize energy availability.
20
Question
What is the function of Glucagon during exercise?
Answer
Glucagon raises blood glucose levels by promoting glycogen breakdown (glycogenolysis) and stimulating gluconeogenesis in the liver. It increases during exercise to ensure a continuous supply of glucose.
21
Question
What is the function of Epinephrine during exercise?
Answer
Epinephrine stimulates glycogenolysis and enhances fat mobilization (lipolysis) from adipose tissue. Levels rise significantly during exercise, particularly in high-intensity activities.
22
Question
What is the function of Norepinephrine during exercise?
Answer
Norepinephrine helps increase energy availability through glycogenolysis and lipolysis. It rises during exercise, contributing to the mobilization of energy stores.
23
Question
What is the function of Cortisol during exercise?
Answer
Cortisol increases gluconeogenesis and supports the breakdown of fat and protein for energy. Levels rise during prolonged exercise or in response to stress.
24
Question
What is the function of Growth Hormone during exercise?
Answer
Growth Hormone stimulates fat breakdown and increases the availability of fatty acids for energy. It increases during exercise to promote fat utilization.
25
Question
What is the initial source of energy during the early stages of exercise?
Answer
Carbohydrates are the primary fuel source, with glycogen stores in muscles and the liver mobilized to maintain blood glucose levels.
26
Question
What hormones regulate carbohydrates during exercise?
Answer
As exercise continues, insulin decreases while glucagon, epinephrine, and norepinephrine increase, ensuring that glucose is continuously available from glycogen breakdown.
27
Question
How does the body utilize fats during prolonged exercise?
Answer
The body increasingly relies on fat as an energy source, facilitated by epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, and growth hormone, which promote lipolysis.
28
Question
What initiates the release of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)?
Answer
Increased plasma osmolality during exercise stimulates ADH release to conserve water.
29
Question
What is the function of Aldosterone during exercise?
Answer
Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption in the kidneys, promoting water retention.
30
Question
What do Natriuretic Peptides do?
Answer
Natriuretic Peptides promote sodium excretion (natriuresis) and water loss, counteracting fluid retention.