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Developmental Theories and Milestones
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Developmental Theories and Milestones
Developmental Theories and Milestones
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1
Question
What is the focus of Freud's theory?
Answer
Freud's theory focuses on how early childhood experiences shape our personality and behavior through a series of psychosexual stages.
2
Question
What does Kohlberg's theory examine?
Answer
Kohlberg's theory examines how our moral reasoning evolves over time, influenced by social interactions and cognitive growth.
3
Question
Who is Sigmund Freud?
Answer
Freud (1856-1939) was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis. He developed theories about the unconscious mind, childhood experiences, and psychosexual development.
4
Question
What are the stages of Freud's psychosexual development?
Answer
1. Oral Stage: Birth - 1 year. Erogenous zone: Mouth. Pleasure: Oral sucking. 2. Anal Stage: 1 year - 3 years. Erogenous zone: Anus. Pleasure: Eliminating and retaining feces. 3. Phallic Stage: 3 years - 6 years. Erogenous zone: Genitals. 4. Latent Stage: 6 years - Puberty. Erogenous zone: Inactive sexual feelings. 5. Genital Stage: Puberty - Death. Erogenous zone: Maturing sexual interest.
5
Question
What is the Oedipus complex?
Answer
The Oedipus complex is where boys develop an unconscious sexual desire for their mother.
6
Question
What is the Electra complex?
Answer
The Electra complex is where girls develop an unconscious sexual desire for their father.
7
Question
Who is Lawrence Kohlberg?
Answer
Kohlberg (1927-1987) was an American psychologist best known for his theory of moral development, expanding on Jean Piaget's work.
8
Question
What are the stages of moral development according to Kohlberg?
Answer
1. Pre-Conventional Stage (3-7 years): Self-interest, avoiding punishment. 2. Conventional Stage (9-13 years): Good boy/girl attitude, law and order morality. 3. Post-Conventional Stage (Adulthood): Social contract principle, moral reasoning based on personal ethics.
9
Question
Who is Erik Erikson?
Answer
Erikson was an ego psychologist who developed one of the most popular and influential theories of development, centered on psychosocial development.
10
Question
What are the stages of Erikson's psychosocial development?
Answer
1. Infancy (Birth-18 months): Trust vs. Mistrust. 2. Early Childhood (2-3 years): Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt. 3. Preschool Age (3-5 years): Initiative vs. Guilt. 4. School Age (6-11 years): Industry vs. Inferiority. 5. Adolescence (12-18 years): Identity vs. Role Confusion. 6. Young Adulthood (19-40 years): Intimacy vs. Isolation. 7. Middle Adulthood (45-60 years): Generativity vs. Stagnation. 8. Late Adulthood (65 years+): Integrity vs. Despair.
11
Question
What is Jean Piaget known for?
Answer
Jean William Fritz Piaget was a Swiss psychologist famous for his work on child development and for pioneering the study of children's intellectual development.
12
Question
What are the four stages of Piaget's cognitive development?
Answer
1. Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to 2 years): Goal - Object permanence. 2. Preoperational Stage (2 to 7 years): Goal - Symbolic thought. 3. Concrete Operational Stage (7 to 11 years): Goal - Logical thought. 4. Formal Operational Stage (12 years and over): Goal - Scientific reasoning.
13
Question
What are schemas in Piaget's theory?
Answer
Schemas include both a category of knowledge and the process of obtaining that knowledge.
14
Question
What is assimilation in Piaget's theory?
Answer
Assimilation is the process of taking in new information into our already existing schemas.
15
Question
What is accommodation in Piaget's theory?
Answer
Accommodation is the ability to change existing schemas in light of new information.
16
Question
What is equilibration in Piaget's theory?
Answer
Equilibration helps explain how children can move from one stage of thought to the next.
17
Question
What are the typical growth and development milestones for newborns?
Answer
Weight typically doubles by 4 months and triples by 1 year; length is about 19.5 inches at birth and 29.5 inches by 12 months; head circumference is about 14 inches at birth.
18
Question
Describe the respiratory system changes in newborns.
Answer
Newborns have inefficient breathing mechanics; their lungs are filled with fluid that they replace with air when they take their first breath.
19
Question
What is gross motor development in newborns?
Answer
Gross motor development involves the growth of a baby's large muscle groups, such as their arms, legs, trunk, and neck.
20
Question
What is fine motor development in newborns?
Answer
Fine motor development involves small muscles working with the brain and nervous system to control movements in areas such as the hands, fingers, lips, tongue, and eyes.
21
Question
How do newborns express emotional development?
Answer
Newborns express feelings with widened eyes and a rounded mouth, looking to caregivers for comfort and support.
22
Question
What are the newborn's sleep patterns?
Answer
Newborns should get 14-17 hours of sleep over a 24-hour period, with the need to wake every couple of hours to eat.
23
Question
What are the typical sensory developments in newborns?
Answer
Newborns can see objects 8-12 inches away, have a strong sense of hearing, prefer sweet tastes, have a keen sense of smell, and are comforted by touch.
24
Question
What is the typical height and weight progression for infants during their first year?
Answer
By 6 months, weight doubles; by 1 year, weight triples. Height increases by 50% during the first year.
25
Question
What are the changes in the cardiovascular system in infants?
Answer
The heart rate slows from 120-160 bpm to 100-120 bpm by the end of the first year.
26
Question
When does the first baby tooth typically erupt?
Answer
The first baby tooth erupts around 6 months, usually a central incisor.
27
Question
What characterizes motor and fine motor development in infants?
Answer
Infant motor development follows a predictable sequence, progressing from head to trunk to lower limbs and from gross to fine motor skills.
28
Question
What is the role of the Landau reflex in infant development?
Answer
By 3 months, infants develop the Landau reflex, where the head, spine, and legs extend when held horizontally.
29
Question
What is the parachute reaction in infants?
Answer
At 6-9 months, infants show the parachute reaction by extending their arms to protect themselves from falling.
30
Question
What is the prone position for newborns?
Answer
Newborns can turn their heads to clear their airways but lack the strength to lift them.