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1
Question
Answer
2
Question
When does language learning begin in humans?
Answer
Language learning starts in utero.
3
Question
At what age does the auditory system fully function?
Answer
The auditory system starts to fully function at 7 months.
4
Question
What is the frequency range of most speech sounds?
Answer
Most speech falls within the range of 100 and 4000 Hz.
5
Question
At what frequency is the fetus exposed?
Answer
The fetus is exposed to 1000 Hz.
6
Question
What auditory information is preserved in utero?
Answer
Pitch, rhythm, intensity, prosody.
7
Question
Define pitch in the context of auditory perception.
Answer
Pitch is the relative highness or lowness of a tone as perceived by the ear, which depends on the number of vibrations per second produced by the vocal cords.
8
Question
Define rhythm in the context of spoken language.
Answer
Rhythm is the arrangement of spoken words alternating stressed and unstressed elements.
9
Question
What is intensity in relation to sound?
Answer
Intensity is a function of fundamental frequency and lung pressure.
10
Question
What did Mehler et al (1988) test in their study?
Answer
They tested four day old French infants.
11
Question
What was the purpose of Mehler et al's (1988) experiment with bilingual utterances?
Answer
A French-Russian bilingual produced utterances in two languages to observe infants' responses.
12
Question
What does the high amplitude sucking paradigm measure?
Answer
It measures an increased sucking rate for detection of novelty and a decreased sucking rate for habituation.
13
Question
What is the significance of dishabituation in French infants regarding language switches?
Answer
French infants dishabituate at the French to Russian language switch, indicating they can detect language changes.
14
Question
What were the findings regarding English infants' sensitivity to language switches?
Answer
English infants are not sensitive to the switch between French and Russian but are sensitive to the switch between English and Italian.
15
Question
What is the significance of familiarity in language learning according to the text?
Answer
Familiarity is what's important in language learning as it affects infants' responses to language switches.
16
Question
What did DeCasper (1994) measure in his prenatally designed study?
Answer
He measured fetal heart rate in response to maternal reading of rhymes.
17
Question
What was the result of DeCasper's (1994) study regarding familiar rhymes?
Answer
Fetal heart rate decreases to familiar rhymes, indicating that fetuses learn specific prosodic sequences.
18
Question
What is a phoneme?
Answer
Phonemes are the smallest speech sounds that, if changed, can create a different word.
19
Question
Provide an example of how changing a phoneme can alter a word.
Answer
Changing the 'b' sound in 'bed' to an 'r' sound changes the word to 'red'; changing the 'e' sound in 'bed' to a 'u' sound changes it to 'bud'.
20
Question
What is categorical perception in the context of phonemes?
Answer
Categorical perception refers to the phenomenon where phonemes are perceived as distinct categories rather than on a continuous spectrum.
21
Question
Who conducted research on categorical perception and when?
Answer
Al Liberman conducted research on categorical perception in 1957.
22
Question
What is the mean vocabulary acquisition at 12 months?
Answer
100 words.
23
Question
What is the mean vocabulary acquisition for the top 10% at 12 months?
Answer
200 words.
24
Question
What is the mean vocabulary acquisition for the bottom 10% at 12 months?
Answer
50 words.
25
Question
What is the mean vocabulary production at 12 months?
Answer
Mean 10 words with huge variation; some start only at 20 months.
26
Question
What is the mean vocabulary acquisition at 24 months?
Answer
300 words for the top 10%.
27
Question
What is the mean vocabulary acquisition for the bottom 10% at 24 months?
Answer
150 words.
28
Question
What is the Whole Object Bias?
Answer
The principle that words refer to objects, not object parts.
29
Question
What is Mutual Exclusivity?
Answer
If you already know the name of an object, a novel word must refer to something else.
30
Question
What was the focus of Katherine White's research?
Answer
The more different the word, the more likely the infant will look at the novel object.