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Behavioural and Humanistic Approaches in Psychology
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Behavioural and Humanistic Approaches in Psychology
Behavioural and Humanistic Approaches in Psychology
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1
Question
What does the Behavioural-Learning Approach emphasize about personality?
Answer
The Behavioural-Learning Approach emphasizes that behaviour is shaped primarily through learning experiences rather than innate traits or unconscious drives.
2
Question
Who are the key figures associated with the Behavioural-Learning Approach?
Answer
Key figures include B.F. Skinner and John Watson.
3
Question
What are the mechanisms through which personality is developed according to the Behavioural-Learning Approach?
Answer
Personality is developed through mechanisms such as reinforcement, punishment, and conditioning (both classical and operant).
4
Question
What is the main focus of the Behavioural-Learning Approach?
Answer
The approach highlights the role of observable behaviour and external influences over internal states.
5
Question
How does the Behavioural-Learning Approach view the flexibility of personality?
Answer
Since behaviour is learned, it can be modified or changed through new learning experiences, making personality flexible and adaptive.
6
Question
What does Classical Conditioning involve?
Answer
Classical Conditioning involves learning through association, where a neutral stimulus is consistently paired with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response.
7
Question
Who developed the theory of Classical Conditioning?
Answer
Ivan Pavlov developed the theory of Classical Conditioning.
8
Question
What is an Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)?
Answer
An Unconditioned Stimulus is a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response without prior learning, such as food causing salivation.
9
Question
What is an Unconditioned Response (UCR)?
Answer
An Unconditioned Response is the natural, automatic reaction to the unconditioned stimulus, like salivation in response to food.
10
Question
What is a Neutral Stimulus (NS)?
Answer
A Neutral Stimulus is a stimulus that initially does not trigger any specific response before conditioning occurs.
11
Question
What happens to a Neutral Stimulus during Classical Conditioning?
Answer
After being repeatedly paired with the unconditioned stimulus, the neutral stimulus becomes a Conditioned Stimulus (CS) and elicits the same response.
12
Question
What is a Conditioned Response (CR)?
Answer
A Conditioned Response is the learned response to the conditioned stimulus, which occurs as a result of the conditioning process.
13
Question
What are the three steps in Classical Conditioning?
Answer
1. Before Conditioning: UCS produces UCR; NS does not produce a response. 2. During Conditioning: NS is paired repeatedly with UCS. 3. After Conditioning: NS becomes CS and triggers CR.
14
Question
What is Acquisition in Classical Conditioning?
Answer
Acquisition is the initial phase where the neutral stimulus (NS) is paired with the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) to create the conditioned response (CR).
15
Question
What is Extinction in Classical Conditioning?
Answer
Extinction occurs when the conditioned stimulus (CS) is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus (UCS), causing the conditioned response (CR) to gradually diminish.
16
Question
What is Spontaneous Recovery in Classical Conditioning?
Answer
Spontaneous Recovery is when the conditioned response (CR) suddenly reappears after a period of rest following extinction.
17
Question
What does Generalization mean in Classical Conditioning?
Answer
Generalization occurs when stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus (CS) also trigger the conditioned response (CR).
18
Question
What is Discrimination in Classical Conditioning?
Answer
Discrimination is when an organism learns to respond differently to various stimuli based on whether or not they are paired with the unconditioned stimulus (UCS).
19
Question
What is Higher-Order Conditioning?
Answer
Higher-Order Conditioning is when a new neutral stimulus is paired with an already established conditioned stimulus (CS) rather than directly with the unconditioned stimulus (UCS).
20
Question
What are Contingency and Contiguity in Classical Conditioning?
Answer
Contingency refers to the reliable prediction between the CS and UCS, while contiguity refers to the close timing of their presentation.
21
Question
How can Classical Conditioning develop phobias?
Answer
Phobias can develop when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a frightening experience, leading to a conditioned response of fear.
22
Question
How does Classical Conditioning relate to drug use?
Answer
Classical conditioning can influence drug use and addiction by associating environmental cues with the euphoric effects of drug usage, triggering cravings.
23
Question
What is Operant Conditioning?
Answer
Operant Conditioning is a learning process where behaviours are modified through reinforcement or punishment.
24
Question
What does the Stimulus-Response Theory state?
Answer
The Stimulus-Response Theory states that behaviours are influenced by the consequences that follow them, emphasizing the relationship between stimuli, responses, and their consequences.
25
Question
What is Reinforcement?
Answer
Reinforcement is any stimulus or event that strengthens or increases the likelihood of a behaviour occurring again in the future.
26
Question
What is the difference between Positive and Negative Reinforcement?
Answer
Positive Reinforcement involves adding a desirable stimulus after a desired behaviour, while Negative Reinforcement involves removing an aversive stimulus after a desired behaviour.
27
Question
What is Punishment in behavioural psychology?
Answer
Punishment is used to reduce or eliminate unwanted behaviours by applying an adverse consequence.
28
Question
What is Observational Learning?
Answer
Observational Learning is a concept where individuals learn behaviours by observing and imitating others.
29
Question
Who developed the concept of Observational Learning?
Answer
Albert Bandura developed the concept of Observational Learning.
30
Question
What are the four key processes in Observational Learning?
Answer
The four key processes are Attention, Retention, Reproduction, and Motivation.