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Cellular Energy Processes
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Cellular Energy Processes
Cellular Energy Processes
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1
Question
What is adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?
Answer
known as the energy currency of the cell and acts as a source of energy during cellular processes.
2
Question
What happens during ATP decomposition?
Answer
When a cell requires energy, it breaks off the last 3rd phosphate group from the ATP molecule, releasing energy. The leftover molecule is called adenosine diphosphate (ADP), which consists of adenine, ribose sugar, and two phosphate groups.
3
Question
How does ADP differ from ATP?
Answer
ADP contains less energy than ATP.
4
Question
What are the components of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?
Answer
Adenosine triphosphate is comprised of adenosine bound to three phosphate groups.
5
Question
What are the names of the three phosphate groups in ATP?
Answer
The three phosphate groups are labeled as alpha, beta, and gamma.
6
Question
What do the high-energy bonds in ATP do?
Answer
The high-energy bonds, particularly those between the second and third phosphate groups (beta and gamma), release sufficient energy to power a variety of cellular reactions and processes.
7
Question
What are endergonic reactions?
Answer
Endergonic reactions require an input of energy, such as photosynthesis and the dehydration of ATP.
8
Question
What are exergonic reactions?
Answer
Exergonic reactions release energy, examples include cellular respiration and hydrolysis of ATP.
9
Question
What is hydrolysis of ATP?
Answer
Hydrolysis of ATP is the process of breaking down ATP to produce ADP and an inorganic phosphate ion, releasing free energy.
10
Question
What is dehydration of ATP?
Answer
Dehydration of ATP is the reaction that regenerates ATP from ADP, requiring an input of free energy.
11
Question
What is photosynthesis?
Answer
Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants harness light energy from the sun to convert it into the chemical energy of sugar.
12
Question
How do pigments function in photosynthesis?
Answer
Different kinds of pigments absorb only certain wavelengths of visible light, reflecting or transmitting the wavelengths they cannot absorb.
13
Question
What role does chlorophyll a play in photosynthesis?
Answer
Chlorophyll a absorbs wavelengths from the blue and red parts of the visible spectrum but not green, which is reflected or transmitted, making chlorophyll appear green.
14
Question
What is aerobic respiration?
Answer
Aerobic respiration involves the use of oxygen and takes place in the mitochondrion's inner matrix and in the cristae.
15
Question
What is the theoretical yield of ATP from glucose during aerobic respiration?
Answer
The theoretical yield of ATP harvested from glucose is 36-38 molecules.
16
Question
What occurs during the conversion of pyruvic acid to Acetyl-CoA?
Answer
The three-carbon pyruvic acid is converted into a two-carbon molecule or acetyl group called Acetyl-CoA, losing H2 and producing CO2 and NADH.
17
Question
What is the Krebs cycle (Citric acid cycle)?
Answer
The Krebs cycle requires oxygen and breaks down Acetyl-CoA completely into carbon dioxide and water, yielding 4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 2 ATPs.
18
Question
What is the electron transport chain (ETC)?
Answer
The electron transport chain (ETC) is a set of electron carriers that exist in an ordered form (Complex I, II, III, and IV) embedded within the inner mitochondrial membrane, where oxygen serves as the final electron acceptor.
19
Question
What is anaerobic respiration?
Answer
Anaerobic respiration means without air and does not use oxygen to produce energy.
20
Question
What is alcohol fermentation?
Answer
Alcohol fermentation occurs in yeasts, producing ethanol and CO2 and is found in alcoholic beverages.
21
Question
What is lactic acid fermentation?
Answer
Lactic acid fermentation takes place when there is a short supply of oxygen, such as in large muscles, contributing to muscle fatigue.
22
Question
How many turns of the Calvin cycle are required to produce 1 glucose molecule?
Answer
To produce 1 glucose molecule (C6H12O6), 6 turns of the Calvin cycle are required, consuming 6 CO2 molecules.
23
Question
What happens during glycolysis?
Answer
Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm without oxygen, breaking down one glucose molecule (a six-carbon compound) into 2 pyruvic acid (three-carbon) molecules, generating 2 net ATPs and 2 NADH molecules.
24
Question
What is chemiosmosis?
Answer
Chemiosmosis is the movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane-bound structure down their electrochemical gradient, utilizing ATP synthase.
25
Question
What are the disadvantages of aerobic respiration?
Answer
Aerobic respiration involves consumption of 2 ATP and produces heat, meaning prokaryotes and eukaryotes cannot extract energy in lactate and ethanol using anaerobic methods.
26
Question
What happens when lactate accumulates in muscle cells?
Answer
When lactate accumulates in the muscle cells, it contributes to the burning sensations and pain during oxygen debt.
27
Question
What is fermentation?
Answer
Fermentation is the addition of yeast or a specific microorganism or enzyme to a raw material to produce a desired product.
28
Question
What theory exists about the fermentation of virgin coconut oil (VCO)?
Answer
Several theories suggest that the fermentation of virgin coconut oil (VCO) is due to the presence of airborne acetic acid bacteria (Acetobacter aceti), which breaks the protein bond in coconut milk.