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Energy and Metabolism Concepts
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Energy and Metabolism Concepts
Energy and Metabolism Concepts
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1
Question
What is the ultimate source of energy for life on Earth?
Answer
The ultimate source of energy is the Sun.
2
Question
What are autotrophs?
Answer
Organisms which are capable of producing their own energy.
3
Question
What are photosynthetic autotrophs?
Answer
Photosynthetic autotrophs, e.g., plants, algae, and some bacteria, convert light energy into chemical energy.
4
Question
What are chemosynthetic autotrophs?
Answer
Chemosynthetic autotrophs derive their energy from inorganic sources such as sulfur or ammonia.
5
Question
What are heterotrophs?
Answer
Heterotrophs are organisms which cannot make their own energy.
6
Question
What are examples of heterotrophs?
Answer
All animals, fungi, and some bacteria are heterotrophs.
7
Question
What are photoheterotrophs?
Answer
Photosynthetic heterotrophs are able to convert light energy, but still require organic compounds as a carbon source.
8
Question
What is ATP?
Answer
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the universal energy carrier for cells.
9
Question
What is the structure of ATP?
Answer
ATP is composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups.
10
Question
What is the function of ATP in cells?
Answer
ATP provides energy for metabolic reactions, including photosynthesis.
11
Question
What happens to ATP during hydrolysis?
Answer
ATP can release its energy quickly by hydrolysis of the terminal phosphate.
12
Question
What is ADP?
Answer
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) is a low energy molecule that can be recharged by adding a phosphate.
13
Question
What is cellular respiration?
Answer
Cellular respiration is a catabolic, energy-yielding pathway that breaks down energy-rich molecules like glucose to release energy for ATP synthesis.
14
Question
What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
Answer
Aerobic respiration requires oxygen, while anaerobic respiration does not.
15
Question
What are redox reactions?
Answer
Redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons, where oxidation is the loss of electrons and reduction is the gain of electrons.
16
Question
What is glycolysis?
Answer
Glycolysis is the first step of cellular respiration, converting glucose into pyruvate.
17
Question
Where does glycolysis occur?
Answer
Glycolysis takes place in the cytosol.
18
Question
What are the main products of glycolysis?
Answer
Glycolysis produces two molecules of pyruvate and a net gain of 2 ATPs.
19
Question
What is the Krebs cycle?
Answer
The Krebs cycle is the second step in cellular respiration, occurring in the mitochondrial matrix.
20
Question
What are the products of the Krebs cycle?
Answer
The Krebs cycle yields carbon dioxide, ATP, NADH, and FADH2.
21
Question
What is the electron transport chain (ETC)?
Answer
The ETC is the final stage of cellular respiration where electrons are transferred through a series of proteins, leading to ATP generation.
22
Question
What is chemiosmosis?
Answer
Chemiosmosis is the process of ATP production as protons diffuse through ATP synthase in the membrane.
23
Question
What is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration?
Answer
Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, being reduced to form water.
24
Question
What is fermentation?
Answer
Fermentation is an anaerobic process that allows organisms to metabolize glucose without oxygen.
25
Question
What are the two types of fermentation?
Answer
Alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation.
26
Question
What is the role of NAD in cellular respiration?
Answer
NAD acts as an electron carrier in redox reactions, accepting electrons to become NADH.
27
Question
What is substrate-level phosphorylation?
Answer
Substrate-level phosphorylation is the direct synthesis of ATP from ADP and a phosphorylated intermediate.
28
Question
What is the significance of the proton gradient in chemiosmosis?
Answer
The proton gradient created by electron transport is used to generate ATP as protons flow back into the mitochondrial matrix.
29
Question
What happens to pyruvate in the transition reaction?
Answer
Pyruvate is converted into acetyl coenzyme A in the mitochondrial matrix.
30
Question
What is the overall reaction for the oxidation of glucose during cellular respiration?
Answer
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP) + heat.