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Understanding Health and Immunity
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Understanding Health and Immunity
Understanding Health and Immunity
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1
Question
What does the term 'health' refer to?
Answer
Health can be defined as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being.
2
Question
What are the key components for maintaining good health?
Answer
Balanced diet, personal hygiene, and regular exercise are very important to maintain good health.
3
Question
What is the concept of health according to early Greeks and Indian Ayurveda?
Answer
Health was considered a state of body and mind where there was a balance of certain humors.
4
Question
Who discovered blood circulation, and how did this impact the understanding of health?
Answer
William Harvey discovered blood circulation, which helped to disprove the good humor hypothesis of health.
5
Question
What factors can affect health?
Answer
Health can be affected by genetic disorders, infections, and lifestyle choices including food intake, rest, exercise, and habits.
6
Question
What are the two broad categories of diseases?
Answer
Diseases can be broadly grouped into infectious and non-infectious diseases.
7
Question
What is a pathogen?
Answer
Pathogens are disease-causing organisms, which include bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoans, and helminths.
8
Question
What is the role of pathogens in disease?
Answer
Pathogens enter the body, multiply, and interfere with normal vital activities, resulting in morphological and functional damage.
9
Question
What is Salmonella typhi, and what disease does it cause?
Answer
Salmonella typhi is a pathogenic bacterium that causes typhoid fever in humans.
10
Question
What are some common symptoms of typhoid fever?
Answer
Common symptoms include sustained high fever (39 to 40°C), weakness, stomach pain, constipation, headache, and loss of appetite.
11
Question
How can typhoid fever be confirmed?
Answer
Typhoid fever can be confirmed by the Widal test.
12
Question
Who was Mary Mallon, and why is she significant in medical history?
Answer
Mary Mallon, nicknamed Typhoid Mary, was a cook who was a typhoid carrier and spread the disease for several years through food she prepared.
13
Question
What are the pathogens responsible for pneumonia?
Answer
Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae bacteria cause pneumonia in humans.
14
Question
What are the symptoms of pneumonia?
Answer
Symptoms include fever, chills, cough, headache, and in severe cases, gray to bluish color of lips and fingernails.
15
Question
How is the common cold caused, and which virus is responsible?
Answer
The common cold is caused by rhinoviruses and is characterized by nasal congestion, sore throat, cough, headache, and tiredness.
16
Question
What is malaria and what organism causes it?
Answer
Malaria is a disease caused by the protozoan Plasmodium, with different species responsible for different types.
17
Question
What is the life cycle of Plasmodium?
Answer
Plasmodium enters the human body as sporozoites through the bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito, multiplies in the liver, and then attacks red blood cells.
18
Question
What are some symptoms of amoebiasis caused by Entamoeba histolytica?
Answer
Symptoms include constipation, abdominal pain, cramps, and stools with excess mucus and blood clots.
19
Question
How are helminths such as Ascaris transmitted?
Answer
Ascaris is an intestinal parasite that is transmitted through contaminated water, vegetables, and fruits.
20
Question
What diseases are caused by Wuchereria and what is their effect on the body?
Answer
Wuchereria bancrofti and Wuchereria malayi cause filariasis or elephantiasis, leading to chronic inflammation and deformities, often affecting the lymphatic vessels.
21
Question
What are ringworms, and what fungi cause them?
Answer
Ringworms are common infectious diseases caused by fungi of the genera Microsporum, Trichophyton, and Epidermophyton, characterized by dry, scaly lesions and intense itching.
22
Question
What measures are important for the prevention of infectious diseases?
Answer
Maintenance of personal hygiene, proper waste disposal, disinfection of water sources, and avoiding close contact with infected persons are important for prevention.
23
Question
What advancements have been made in combating infectious diseases?
Answer
Advancements in biological science such as vaccines and antibiotics have significantly helped to control and eradicate many infectious diseases.
24
Question
What are the two types of immunity?
Answer
Immunity is of two types: Innate immunity and Acquired immunity.
25
Question
What is innate immunity?
Answer
Innate immunity is a non-specific type of defense present at birth, consisting of various barriers to prevent the entry of foreign agents.
26
Question
What are the four types of barriers involved in innate immunity?
Answer
1. Physical barriers (skin, mucus), 2. Physiological barriers (stomach acid, saliva), 3. Cellular barriers (leukocytes), 4. Cytokine barriers (proteins secreted by virus-infected cells).
27
Question
What are interferons?
Answer
Interferons are proteins that protect non-infected cells from further viral infection.
28
Question
What is acquired immunity?
Answer
Acquired immunity is pathogen specific and is characterized by memory. It produces a primary response upon first encounter with a pathogen, which is of low intensity, and a secondary or anamnestic response upon subsequent encounters, which is highly intensified.
29
Question
What are the two special types of lymphocytes involved in immune responses?
Answer
The two special types of lymphocytes are B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes.
30
Question
What is the role of B-lymphocytes in the immune response?
Answer
B-lymphocytes produce an army of proteins called antibodies in response to pathogens to fight them.