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Tuberculosis and Pneumonia Overview
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Tuberculosis and Pneumonia Overview
Tuberculosis and Pneumonia Overview
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1
Question
What is tuberculosis (TB)?
Answer
Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic, contagious and infectious disease commonly affecting the lungs, characterized by the formation of tubercles in the tissue. Tubercles tend to undergo caseation, necrosis, and calcification.
2
Question
What is the rank of the Philippines in terms of TB burden according to the WHO?
Answer
The Philippines ranks ninth out of the 22 highest TB-burden countries in the world according to the WHO.
3
Question
What is the etiologic agent of tuberculosis?
Answer
The etiologic agent of tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a rod-shaped, acid-fast bacillus.
4
Question
How is Mycobacterium bovis acquired?
Answer
Mycobacterium bovis is acquired through the ingestion of unpasteurized dairy products or contact with airborne secretions from infected cattle.
5
Question
What is the incubation period for tuberculosis?
Answer
The incubation period for tuberculosis is 2 to 10 weeks.
6
Question
Describe the mode of transmission for Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Answer
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is carried on airborne droplet nuclei produced when persons with pulmonary TB cough, sneeze, speak, laugh, or sing. These droplet nuclei are so small (1 to 5 µm) that air currents can keep them airborne for long periods.
7
Question
What are the sources of infection for tuberculosis?
Answer
Sources of infection for tuberculosis include sputum, blood from hemoptysis, nasal discharge, and saliva.
8
Question
When is a TB patient capable of discharging the organism?
Answer
Patients are capable of discharging the organism throughout their lifetime if they remain untreated; TB is highly communicable during its active phase.
9
Question
What defines minimal tuberculosis?
Answer
Minimal TB is characterized by slight lesions without demonstrable excavation, confined to a small part of one or both lungs.
10
Question
What characterizes moderately advanced tuberculosis?
Answer
Moderately advanced TB involves one or both lungs, with the volume affected not extending to one lobe, and the total diameter of the cavity not exceeding 4 cm.
11
Question
What is far advanced tuberculosis?
Answer
Far advanced TB lesions are more extensive than those found in moderately advanced cases.
12
Question
Describe inactive latent TB.
Answer
Inactive latent TB is characterized by the absence of symptoms of tuberculosis and no evidence of cavity on chest X-ray.
13
Question
What indicates active tuberculosis?
Answer
Active tuberculosis is indicated by a positive Tuberculin Mantoux test, generally progressive X-ray findings of the chest, and the presence of symptoms due to lesions. Sputum and gastric content are positive for tubercle bacilli.
14
Question
What does 'activity not determined' mean in the context of TB classification?
Answer
'Activity not determined' refers to cases where the activity has not been determined from a suitable period of observation on adequate laboratory and X-ray studies, warranting further observation.
15
Question
What are some systemic signs and symptoms of tuberculosis?
Answer
Systemic signs and symptoms may include fatigue, anorexia, weight loss, irregular menses, and low-grade fever that persists over weeks to months.
16
Question
What respiratory symptoms might a patient with pulmonary tuberculosis exhibit?
Answer
Patients may exhibit an imperceptible onset of cough that slowly increases in frequency, associated with mucoid or mucopurulent sputum, as well as hemoptysis and on-and-off dull, aching pain or tightness in the chest.
17
Question
What complications can arise from tuberculosis?
Answer
Complications of tuberculosis can include massive pulmonary tissue damage leading to respiratory failure, bronchopleural fistula, hemorrhage, pleural effusion, pneumonia, kidney and CNS problems, and TB meningitis.
18
Question
What are the first line drugs for short course chemotherapy for TB?
Answer
The first line drugs for short course chemotherapy are Isoniazid (INH), Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide (PZA), and Ethambutol (EMB).
19
Question
What is the role of Isoniazid (INH) in TB treatment?
Answer
Isoniazid (INH) is the first-line agent for all cases of TB, known or presumed, and has early bactericidal activity against rapidly dividing cells.
20
Question
What is the purpose of Direct Observed Therapy (DOT) in TB management?
Answer
The WHO recommends Direct Observed Therapy (DOT) to prevent non-compliance in TB treatment.
21
Question
What are some diseases/problems that pose a risk to the acquisition of tuberculosis?
Answer
Diseases and problems that pose a risk to TB acquisition include the aging population, diabetes mellitus, chronic alcoholism, psychiatric patients, hematological disorders, and HIV infection.
22
Question
What are some nursing management strategies for tuberculosis?
Answer
Nursing management strategies for tuberculosis include maintaining respiratory isolation, administering medicines as ordered, monitoring sputum for blood or purulent expectoration, teaching patients and families about TB, and encouraging proper hygiene practices.
23
Question
What is pneumonia?
Answer
Pneumonia is an acute infectious disease primarily caused by pneumococcus (Streptococcus pneumoniae).
24
Question
What are the etiologic agents of pneumonia?
Answer
Etiologic agents of pneumonia include bacteria (most often the Klebsiella group and Haemophilus influenzae), viruses, fungi from soil/bird droppings, and noxious substances (various chemicals).
25
Question
Describe bacterial pneumonia.
Answer
Bacterial pneumonia may involve just one small section of the lung or it may affect the entire organ, with Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae being the leading causes.
26
Question
What is the incubation period for pneumonia?
Answer
The incubation period for pneumonia ranges from 1 to 3 days, with sudden onset of shaking chills, rapidly rising fever, and stabbing chest pains.
27
Question
What are the general classifications of pneumonia?
Answer
General classifications of pneumonia include primary pneumonia (direct result of inhalation or aspiration of pathogens) and secondary bacterial pneumonia (develops as a complication of another disease).
28
Question
What characterizes lobar pneumonia?
Answer
Lobar pneumonia (croupous pneumonia) is characterized by consolidation of one or two lobes of the lungs, with symptoms such as chills, chest pain, and cough with blood-streaked sputum.
29
Question
What is pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia?
Answer
Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia is caused by the opportunistic fungus Pneumocystis jiroveci and affects patients with compromised immune systems.
30
Question
What are the stages of pathology in lobar pneumonia?
Answer
The stages of pathology in lobar pneumonia are: 1) Stage of lung engorgement, 2) Red hepatization, 3) Gray hepatization, 4) Stage of resolution.