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Biochemistry Fundamentals
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Biochemistry Fundamentals
Biochemistry Fundamentals
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1
Question
What is the chemical formula for formaldehyde?
Answer
HCHO
2
Question
What functional group characterizes an alcohol?
Answer
Hydroxyl (-OH) group.
3
Question
What is the functional group for aldehydes?
Answer
Carbonyl group (C=O) at the end of the carbon chain.
4
Question
What is the structure of a ketone?
Answer
A carbonyl group (C=O) within the carbon chain.
5
Question
What is the functional group for carboxylic acids?
Answer
Carboxyl group (-COOH).
6
Question
What are amino acids composed of?
Answer
A central carbon, an amino group (-NH2), a carboxyl group (-COOH), a hydrogen atom, and a variable R group.
7
Question
How many standard amino acids are commonly found in proteins?
Answer
20 amino acids.
8
Question
What is the significance of proline in proteins?
Answer
Proline has a unique cyclic structure that introduces kinks in protein chains.
9
Question
What are the classifications of amino acids based on their side chains?
Answer
Amino acids can be classified as nonpolar, polar (uncharged), or charged (acidic or basic).
10
Question
What is a zwitterion?
Answer
A molecule that has both a positive and a negative charge but is overall neutral.
11
Question
What is the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation used for?
Answer
It relates the pH of a solution to the pKa and the ratio of the concentrations of the deprotonated and protonated forms of an acid.
12
Question
What is the pKa of Glycine?
Answer
pKa1 = 2.34, pKa2 = 9.60.
13
Question
What are disulfide bonds?
Answer
Covalent bonds formed between the sulfur atoms of two cysteine residues, contributing to protein structure.
14
Question
What is the structure of a peptide bond?
Answer
A bond formed between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid, releasing water.
15
Question
What is a polypeptide?
Answer
A chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
16
Question
What is the role of chaperone proteins?
Answer
They assist in the proper folding of proteins.
17
Question
What is denaturation of proteins?
Answer
The process by which a protein loses its three-dimensional structure and function due to external stress or conditions.
18
Question
What are the two types of proteins based on solubility?
Answer
Scleroproteins (insoluble in water) and globular proteins (soluble in water).
19
Question
What is the function of globular proteins?
Answer
Globular proteins typically have metabolic functions and are involved in transport, catalysis, and regulation.
20
Question
What is the difference between holoproteins and heteroproteins?
Answer
Holoproteins consist entirely of amino acids, while heteroproteins contain both protein and non-protein components.
21
Question
What is the role of hemoglobin?
Answer
Hemoglobin transports oxygen in the blood.
22
Question
What is an enzyme?
Answer
A protein that acts as a catalyst to speed up biochemical reactions.
23
Question
What is a chromoprotein?
Answer
A protein that is associated with a pigment or chromophore.
24
Question
What is the importance of the carboxyl group in amino acids?
Answer
It contributes to the acid properties of amino acids and participates in peptide bond formation.
25
Question
What does the term 'active site' refer to in an enzyme?
Answer
The specific region of the enzyme where substrate binding occurs and the reaction takes place.