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Cell Cycle and Chromosome Dynamics
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Cell Cycle and Chromosome Dynamics
Cell Cycle and Chromosome Dynamics
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1
Question
What is the difference between unreplicated and replicated chromosomes?
Answer
Unreplicated chromosomes consist of a single chromatid, while replicated chromosomes consist of two sister chromatids connected at the centromere.
2
Question
What are sister chromatids?
Answer
Sister chromatids are two identical copies of a chromosome that are connected by a centromere.
3
Question
What are the main phases of the cell cycle?
Answer
The main phases of the cell cycle are G1 (First Gap), S (DNA Synthesis), G2 (Second Gap), and M (Mitosis).
4
Question
What occurs during interphase?
Answer
During interphase, chromosomes duplicate and are in a relaxed, uncondensed state.
5
Question
What happens during prophase of mitosis?
Answer
During prophase, chromosomes condense and the spindle apparatus begins to form.
6
Question
What occurs during metaphase of mitosis?
Answer
During metaphase, chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate in the center of the cell.
7
Question
What is cytokinesis?
Answer
Cytokinesis is the process of cytoplasmic division that results in the formation of two daughter cells.
8
Question
What is meiosis?
Answer
Meiosis is a type of nuclear division that occurs before the formation of gametes (egg and sperm) and results in a halving of chromosome number.
9
Question
Define homologous chromosomes.
Answer
Homologous chromosomes are pairs of chromosomes that are the same size and shape and contain genes for the same traits, although they may have different alleles.
10
Question
What is the significance of crossing over during meiosis?
Answer
Crossing over occurs during prophase I of meiosis, allowing for genetic recombination by exchanging segments between non-sister chromatids, increasing genetic diversity.
11
Question
What are alleles?
Answer
Alleles are different versions of the same gene that can influence a particular trait.
12
Question
What is an example of a gamete?
Answer
Examples of gametes include sperm and egg cells.
13
Question
What is the outcome of meiosis I?
Answer
The outcome of meiosis I is the separation of homologous chromosomes, resulting in two haploid cells.
14
Question
What is the outcome of meiosis II?
Answer
The outcome of meiosis II is the separation of sister chromatids, resulting in four haploid daughter cells.
15
Question
What is aneuploidy?
Answer
Aneuploidy is an abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell, often due to nondisjunction during meiosis.
16
Question
What does purifying selection hypothesis suggest about sexual reproduction?
Answer
The purifying selection hypothesis suggests that sexual reproduction allows for the elimination of defective genes from the population.
17
Question
What does changing environment hypothesis state about outcrossing?
Answer
The changing environment hypothesis states that sexual reproduction through outcrossing can be beneficial in fluctuating environments, as it produces diverse offspring.
18
Question
What happens in telophase during mitosis?
Answer
During telophase, the nuclear envelope re-forms around each set of chromosomes, which de-condense.
19
Question
What is the process that leads to the formation of bivalents?
Answer
Bivalents are formed during synapsis in prophase I of meiosis, where homologous chromosomes pair up.
20
Question
What happens during anaphase I of meiosis?
Answer
During anaphase I, homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles of the spindle apparatus.
21
Question
What role does the spindle apparatus play in cell division?
Answer
The spindle apparatus helps in the movement of chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis by attaching to kinetochores and pulling chromosomes apart.
22
Question
What is the genetic consequence of meiosis?
Answer
The genetic consequence of meiosis is the reduction of the chromosome number by half and the generation of genetic diversity through recombination and independent assortment.
23
Question
How does fertilization restore the chromosome number?
Answer
Fertilization restores the chromosome number by combining haploid gametes from two parents to form a diploid zygote.
24
Question
What is a diploid cell?
Answer
A diploid cell is a cell that contains two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent, represented as 2n.
25
Question
What is a haploid cell?
Answer
A haploid cell is a cell that contains one complete set of chromosomes, represented as n.
26
Question
What are the phases of meiosis?
Answer
The phases of meiosis include Meiosis I (Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I) and Meiosis II (Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II).