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Gastrointestinal Disorders Overview
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Gastrointestinal Disorders Overview
Gastrointestinal Disorders Overview
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1
Question
What is Esophagitis?
Answer
Esophagitis is inflammation of the esophagus.
2
Question
What is Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)?
Answer
GERD occurs as a result of backward flow or reflux of gastrointestinal contents into the esophagus.
3
Question
What causes reflux in GERD?
Answer
Reflux in GERD is caused by excessive relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter, which exposes the esophageal mucosa to the irritating effects of gastric or duodenal contents, resulting in inflammatory changes.
4
Question
What are the acute symptoms of GERD?
Answer
Acute symptoms are known as reflux esophagitis.
5
Question
What are some signs and symptoms (SS) of GERD?
Answer
Dyspepsia, Heartburn, Indigestion, Regurgitation, Water brash, Morning hoarseness, Cough, Night-time wheeze, Dysphagia, Odynophagia (difficult/painful swallowing), Atypical chest pain, Epigastric Pain, Belching, Flatulence, Bloating, Nausea/Vomiting (NV), Potential bleeding.
6
Question
What is odynophagia?
Answer
Odynophagia is difficulty or painful swallowing.
7
Question
What are non-surgical treatments for GERD?
Answer
Non-surgical treatments include dietary adjustments, lifestyle changes, drug therapy, and endoscopic therapy.
8
Question
What is Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication?
Answer
Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication is a surgical management option for GERD.
9
Question
What dietary adjustments should be made for GERD patients?
Answer
Avoiding fatty foods, chocolate, caffeinated beverages, spicy foods, peppermint/spearmint flavors, acidic foods, large meals, and eating before bed.
10
Question
What lifestyle changes can help manage GERD?
Answer
Avoid tight clothing, remain in an upright position after eating, elevate head of bed (HOB), weight loss, and avoid alcohol and smoking.
11
Question
What is Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)?
Answer
PUD results when mucosal defenses become impaired and no longer protect the epithelium from the effects of acid and pepsin.
12
Question
What are common causes of Peptic Ulcer Disease?
Answer
Bacterial infection (H. Pylori), family history, NSAID use, substances that stimulate hydrochloric acid production, alcohol ingestion, excessive smoking, and physiological stress.
13
Question
What are some complications of Peptic Ulcer Disease?
Answer
Complications include hemorrhage (UGI bleed), perforation, chemical peritonitis, bacterial septicemia, hypovolemic shock, and paralytic ileus.
14
Question
What are the signs and symptoms of a gastric ulcer?
Answer
Dyspepsia, dull, gnawing or burning pain in the left epigastric area immediately after eating, pain occasionally in the right area, and hematemesis.
15
Question
What are the signs and symptoms of a duodenal ulcer?
Answer
Dyspepsia, dull, gnawing or burning pain in the right epigastric area several hours after eating, pain that frequently awakens the patient at night, and melena.
16
Question
What is Gastroenteritis (GE)?
Answer
Gastroenteritis is inflammation of the mucous membranes of the stomach and intestine.
17
Question
What are the common causes of Gastroenteritis?
Answer
Common causes include viral infections (e.g., Rotavirus, Norwalk virus), bacterial infections (e.g., E. Coli, Campylobacter, Shigellosis), and oral-fecal contamination.
18
Question
What are the signs and symptoms of Gastroenteritis?
Answer
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea (NVD), abdominal cramping, dehydration, poor skin turgor, dry oral membranes, hypotension with orthostatic changes, oliguria, and bloody or foul-smelling stools.
19
Question
What nursing care is provided for a patient with Gastroenteritis?
Answer
Stool culture, fluid electrolyte replacement, monitor intake and output (I/O), weight, vital signs (VS), and initiate oral rehydration therapy (ORT) if appropriate.
20
Question
What is Appendicitis?
Answer
Appendicitis is the acute inflammation of the vermiform appendix due to obstruction, leading to infection.
21
Question
What are the signs and symptoms of Appendicitis?
Answer
Abdominal pain in the epigastric or periumbilical area that shifts to the right lower quadrant (McBurney's Point), nausea, anorexia, fever, rigid tense posturing, and rebound tenderness.
22
Question
What are some diagnostics used to confirm Appendicitis?
Answer
CBC showing elevated WBCs, abdominal ultrasound, CT scan, and MRI.
23
Question
What is Ulcerative Colitis?
Answer
Ulcerative Colitis is a widespread inflammation of mainly the rectum and rectosigmoid colon that can extend to the entire colon.
24
Question
What are the complications associated with Ulcerative Colitis?
Answer
Complications include hemorrhage, perforation, abscess formation, toxic megacolon, malabsorption, and colorectal cancer.
25
Question
What is Cirrhosis?
Answer
Cirrhosis is extensive scarring of the liver caused by necrotic injury or chronic inflammation.
26
Question
What are the signs and symptoms of Cirrhosis?
Answer
Fatigue, weight loss, anorexia, abdominal pain/distention, peripheral edema, jaundice, dry skin, pruritus, rashes, and personality/cognitive changes.
27
Question
What are the types of Hepatitis?
Answer
Types include Hep A (fecal-oral), Hep B (blood), Hep C (blood), Hep D (co-infection with HBV), and Hep E (fecal-oral).
28
Question
What is Cholecystitis?
Answer
Cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder wall, often caused by obstruction of the cystic or common bile ducts.
29
Question
What are the signs and symptoms of Cholecystitis?
Answer
Sharp pain in the RUQ of the abdomen, pain with deep inspiration during right subcostal palpation (Murphy's sign), nausea/vomiting, rebound tenderness, dyspepsia, and jaundice.
30
Question
What is Pancreatitis?
Answer
Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas caused by autodigestion of the pancreas due to premature activation of digestive enzymes.