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Digestive System Overview
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Digestive System Overview
Digestive System Overview
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1
Question
What is the alimentary canal also known as?
Answer
The alimentary canal is also known as the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
2
Question
List the main components of the alimentary canal.
Answer
Oral cavity, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small intestine, Large intestine, Rectum, Anal canal.
3
Question
What are accessory digestive organs?
Answer
Accessory digestive organs include Teeth, Tongue, Salivary glands, Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas.
4
Question
What is the process of ingestion in the digestive system?
Answer
Ingestion is the process where food enters the GI tract at the mouth.
5
Question
Define propulsion in the digestive system.
Answer
Propulsion is the movement of food through the GI tract.
6
Question
What is peristalsis?
Answer
Peristalsis is the major means of propulsion, involving waves of contraction that move food forward.
7
Question
Differentiate between mechanical and chemical digestion.
Answer
Mechanical digestion is the physical breakdown of food (chewing, churning, segmentation), while chemical digestion is the enzymatic breakdown of food into smaller molecules.
8
Question
What is absorption in the context of digestion?
Answer
Absorption is the transport of digested nutrients to the bloodstream.
9
Question
Define defecation.
Answer
Defecation is the elimination of indigestible substances as feces.
10
Question
What are the layers of the digestive tract?
Answer
The layers of the digestive tract include Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis externa, and Adventitia or Serosa.
11
Question
What is the histological organization of the digestive tract?
Answer
Mucosa - lines digestive tract with a mucous epithelium; Submucosa - dense irregular connective tissue, vascularized; Muscularis externa - smooth muscle arranged in circular and longitudinal layers; Adventitia or Serosa - outer membranes made of connective tissue.
12
Question
What is the function of the mucosa?
Answer
The mucosa lines the digestive tract and is composed of mucous epithelium that is moistened by secretions of mucosal glands.
13
Question
What is the role of the muscularis mucosa?
Answer
The muscularis mucosa is a layer of smooth muscle that creates folds called rugae.
14
Question
Describe the composition of the submucosa.
Answer
The submucosa is a layer of dense irregular connective tissue that is vascularized and innervated, containing nerve plexus and submucosal glands.
15
Question
What types of muscle are found in the muscularis externa?
Answer
The muscularis externa consists of smooth muscle arranged in circular and longitudinal layers.
16
Question
What is the function of the adventitia or serosa?
Answer
The adventitia or serosa is the outer membrane made of connective tissue, collagen, and elastin.
17
Question
What are the three layers of the muscularis in the stomach?
Answer
The three layers of the muscularis in the stomach are the oblique layer, circular layer, and longitudinal layer.
18
Question
What type of epithelium lines the anal canal?
Answer
The anal canal is lined by mostly simple columnar epithelium, sometimes stratified squamous epithelium.
19
Question
What are the primary teeth also known as?
Answer
Primary teeth are also known as deciduous teeth.
20
Question
What is the function of the pharynx?
Answer
The pharynx is a common passageway for food, liquids, and air.
21
Question
What is the role of the cardiac sphincter?
Answer
The cardiac sphincter closes the lumen to prevent stomach acid from entering the esophagus.
22
Question
What are the major components of the stomach?
Answer
The stomach consists of the cardia, fundus, body, and pylorus.
23
Question
What digestive enzyme does the stomach secrete for protein digestion?
Answer
The stomach secretes pepsin for the enzymatic digestion of proteins.
24
Question
What regulates gastric secretion?
Answer
Gastric secretion is regulated by neural and hormonal mechanisms.
25
Question
What hormone is released in response to the presence of proteins in the stomach?
Answer
Gastrin is released in response to the presence of proteins in the stomach.
26
Question
What is the function of secretin in the digestive system?
Answer
Secretin stimulates the release of alkaline buffers from the pancreas and inhibits gastric emptying.
27
Question
Describe the function of cholecystokinin (CCK).
Answer
CCK inhibits gastric motility and secretion, stimulates pancreatic enzyme release, and causes contraction of the gallbladder.
28
Question
What is the primary function of the small intestine?
Answer
The primary function of the small intestine is important digestive and absorptive functions.
29
Question
What modifications in the small intestine increase surface area for absorption?
Answer
Plicae circulares (circular folds), villi, and microvilli increase the surface area for absorption.
30
Question
What are the main secretions of the liver?
Answer
The liver performs metabolic and hematological regulation and produces bile.