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Medical Mycology and Pathogens
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Medical Mycology and Pathogens
Medical Mycology and Pathogens
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1
Question
What does MacConkey agar do?
Answer
Selects for gram-negative bacteria and differentiates lactose fermenters.
2
Question
What is the order of prevalence for causative agents in uncomplicated UTIs after UPEC?
Answer
Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Enterococcus faecalis, group B Streptococcus (GBS), Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida spp.
3
Question
What defines non-coliform bacteria?
Answer
They are gram-negative but do not ferment lactose to produce gas.
4
Question
What do leukocytes in urine usually indicate?
Answer
An infection.
5
Question
What does TSI stand for in biochemical testing?
Answer
Triple Sugar Iron test.
6
Question
What are catheter-associated UTIs (CAUTIs)?
Answer
CAUTIs occur when a person has an indwelling urinary or supra-pubic catheter and/or has recently been catheterized in the past 48 hours.
7
Question
What are the two main divisions of the urinary tract?
Answer
Divided into upper and lower tracts.
8
Question
What does the presence of urinary bacteria indicate?
Answer
It should be interpreted in view of clinical symptoms; a bacterial culture must be done in case of bacteriuria.
9
Question
What are the characteristics of Salmonella typhi?
Answer
Capsule negative, catalase positive, citrate negative, flagella positive, gas negative, gram-negative rods.
10
Question
What can cause colored urine?
Answer
Certain diseases, metabolic disorders, and the administration of many drugs.
11
Question
What may cause alkaline urine?
Answer
A vegetarian diet or bacterial infection of the urinary tract.
12
Question
What is Cetrimide agar used for?
Answer
Selective for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, indicating the production of pyocyanin.
13
Question
What are the two types of urinary tract infections (UTIs)?
Answer
1. Uncomplicated UTIs 2. Complicated UTIs.
14
Question
How does pyelonephritis compare to urethritis and cystitis in terms of severity and prevalence?
Answer
Pyelonephritis is more serious than urethritis or cystitis, but less common.
15
Question
What fruity odor may be present in the urine of patients with diabetes mellitus?
Answer
A fruity acetone odor due to ketosis.
16
Question
Why are UTIs significant in primary care?
Answer
They are one of the most common infections treated by primary care physicians.
17
Question
What are abnormal color indicators in urine?
Answer
Dark amber indicates concentrated urine, cloudy indicates an infectious process, and red indicates blood in urine.
18
Question
What can elevated numbers of urinary crystals indicate?
Answer
Hypercalcemia or other renal diseases.
19
Question
What is the function of urinalysis?
Answer
It is a routine urine examination used as an indicator of health or disease, particularly in renal metabolic disorders.
20
Question
What is the order of prevalence for causative agents in complicated UTIs after UPEC?
Answer
Enterococcus spp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Candida spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and group B Streptococcus (GBS).
21
Question
What is the typical pH range of urine on a normal mixed diet?
Answer
Between 5.5 and 8.0.
22
Question
What is the approximate water composition of urine?
Answer
91-96% water.
23
Question
What are examples of coliform bacteria?
Answer
Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., and Enterobacter spp.
24
Question
What does urobilinogen in urine indicate?
Answer
May be increased in hepatic disease or hemolytic disease.
25
Question
What is Chromoblastomycosis?
Answer
A type of subcutaneous mycosis caused by dematiaceous fungi that reside in soil and vegetation.
26
Question
What unusual color does B vitamins turn urine?
Answer
Neon yellow.
27
Question
What are the three main steps in urine formation?
Answer
1. Filtration 2. Reabsorption 3. Secretion.
28
Question
What is EMB agar used for?
Answer
Selective for gram-negative bacteria and differentiates lactose fermenters.
29
Question
What is aspergillosis?
Answer
A disease caused by various species of Aspergillus, with A. fumigatus being the most common human pathogen.
30
Question
What is the role of intestinal microflora?
Answer
Regulation of the immune system, protection against exogenous pathogens, digestion, and nutrient metabolism.