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Class Notes 3RA3
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Class Notes 3RA3
Week 1
Study
1
Question
What is the main focus of Requirements Engineering (RE)?
Answer
Understanding and characterizing solutions that people buy to solve their problems.
2
Question
What are the components of the Requirements Roadmap?
Answer
Analysis, Specification, Elicitation, Validation, and Documentation.
3
Question
Why is Requirements Engineering important according to the text?
Answer
Poor requirements can lead to project failure, budget overruns, and software rework.
4
Question
What are examples of requirements?
Answer
1. Things a product must do 2. Qualities a product must have 3. Constraints a product must obey
5
Question
What defines a good requirement?
Answer
A good requirement states something that is necessary, verifiable, and attainable.
6
Question
What is a requirement according to the New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary?
Answer
Something called for or demanded; a condition which must be complied with.
7
Question
What is a requirement according to IEEE Standard 29148?
Answer
A condition or capability that must be met or possessed by a system or system component to satisfy a contract, standard, specification, or other formally imposed document.
8
Question
What does the set of all requirements form the basis for?
Answer
The subsequent development of the system or system component.
9
Question
What is Requirements Engineering?
Answer
The branch of software engineering concerned with the real-world goals for functions of, and constraints on, software systems
10
Question
What is another definition of Requirements Engineering?
Answer
The task of developing requirements, which includes not just producing an initial version of the requirements but updating it regularly and managing the possibly complex set of requirements.
11
Question
How does Meyer define the convergence between Requirements Engineering and business analysis?
Answer
This definition converges with the accepted definition of business analysis, which is more focused on business goals, while Requirements Engineering has a more technical connotation.
12
Question
What do the three pillars of assessing requirements consist of?
Answer
1. Is the thing I am writing necessary? 2. Is the thing I am writing attainable? 3. Is the thing you are writing verifiable?
13
Question
What constitutes a good requirement?
Answer
A good requirement states something that is necessary, verifiable, and attainable.
14
Question
What is the significance of a statement in the context of requirements?
Answer
A statement is a human-readable expression of a property.
15
Question
What is a property in the context of requirements?
Answer
A boolean trait of a project environment, goal, or system.
16
Question
What is meant by the term 'relevance' in the context of requirements?
Answer
A goal is always relevant; something that affects or is affected by stakeholders is relevant, and something that affects or is affected by the project is relevant.
17
Question
What is the role of requirements engineering in relation to project systems and environments?
Answer
Requirements Engineering emphasizes the set dimension of requirements and their relevance to project systems and environments.
18
Question
What are the stages in the development cycle?
Answer
User Requirements, System Requirements, Software Requirements, Design, Implementation, User Evaluation, Acceptance Tests, Software Integration, Design Evaluation, Code Verification.
19
Question
What are the three principles mentioned related to requirements writing?
Answer
Fail early, Fail Fast, Recover.
20
Question
What is the limitation of Zave's focus in Requirements Engineering?
Answer
It is limited to software engineering and does not consider the wider context of systems engineering.
Week 3
Study
1
Question
What are the main topics covered in the Introduction to Goal Modelling?
Answer
Analysis, Specification, Elicitation, Validation, Documentation
2
Question
What are the key components of Goal Modelling?
Answer
Goals, Analyzing Goal Models
3
Question
What are goals in the context of requirements engineering?
Answer
Goals are not requirements per se. They convey the intention, rationale, and objectives of stakeholders.
4
Question
What essential role do goals play in the requirements engineering process?
Answer
Goals support elicitation analysis and provide inputs for specification but need refinement to become attainable.
5
Question
How can a goal be validated?
Answer
By using Goal Modelling to work on those goals.
6
Question
What are actors in the context of Goal Modelling?
Answer
Actors are people, subsystems, or indirect stakeholders who act within a system to achieve a goal.
7
Question
What is the definition of an agent in Goal Modelling?
Answer
Agents are people, subsystems, or indirect stakeholders that act on behalf of other actors.
8
Question
What is the difference between roles and positions in Goal Modelling?
Answer
An actor can play multiple roles, while a position is a set of consistent roles that are cohesive.
9
Question
What is the significance of identifying mistakes early in the system development process?
Answer
Mistakes cost less when identified early.
10
Question
What are examples of non-goals mentioned in the lecture?
Answer
1. Credit card information is kept private 2. Credit card information is accurate 3. Safe Transportation 4. High Reliability 5. The system is implemented in C 6. Cars are painted yellow, orange, and red.
11
Question
What is the underlying message regarding system boundaries in Goal Modelling?
Answer
We need to think about the system boundaries.
12
Question
Are there definitive definitions for the terms used in Goal Modelling?
Answer
There are no 100% bulletproof definitions; it depends.
13
Question
What are the two types of goals mentioned in goal modeling?
Answer
Hard Goals and Soft Goals.
14
Question
What defines Hard Goals?
Answer
Hard Goals are goals that we can measure, quantify, and describe in their entirety.
15
Question
What defines Soft Goals?
Answer
Soft Goals are something that we know we need but cannot describe fully.
16
Question
What are resources in the context of goal modeling?
Answer
Resources are something that can be used to achieve goals by an actor in the system.
17
Question
What do the elements in goal modeling depend on?
Answer
Elements depend on each other; actors contribute to goals and such contributions might impact others.
18
Question
How are actors linked in goal modeling?
Answer
Actors are not linked directly; they are linked through a dependum.
19
Question
What is an example of a dependum in goal modeling?
Answer
An example of a dependum is the relationship between goals, plans, and resources.
20
Question
Provide an example where goal modeling is applied in a game context.
Answer
In League of Legends (LoL), a dependum example includes roles such as Enemy Tank and Healer, where the goal is to maintain the tank alive and keep the threat occupied.
21
Question
What is the purpose of position level models in goal modeling?
Answer
Position level models describe interactions and goals at a certain level, such as Monster, Fighter, and Healer, and their objectives.
22
Question
What do Agent level models represent in goal modeling?
Answer
Agent level models represent specific characters and the goals they have, such as keeping another character alive or maintaining the attention of an enemy.
23
Question
What questions should be asked when modeling goals?
Answer
Questions to ask include: What am I trying to achieve? What perspective is most valuable?
24
Question
What is the main purpose of analyzing goal models?
Answer
The main purpose is to build models for analysis and simulation purposes.
25
Question
What are the objectives of quantifying contributions to goals?
Answer
Objectives include minimizing the cost of ATM, minimizing the risk of impersonation, and maximizing customer privacy.
26
Question
What technologies are mentioned that can help maximize customer privacy?
Answer
Technologies mentioned include fingerprint readers, account numbers, smart cards, and PINs.
27
Question
What are the goals in the context of the ATM system discussed?
Answer
Minimize cost of ATM, Minimize risk of impersonation, Maximize customer privacy.
28
Question
What technologies are mentioned for securing customer transactions?
Answer
Fingerprint reader, Account Number smart card, PIN.
29
Question
What is the case study about in the document?
Answer
A Medical information system administration leader evaluating soft goals to provide patient info.
30
Question
What two approaches are being compared for providing patient information?
Answer
Using an on-paper approach and using a voice recording approach.
Week 5
Study
1
Question
What is Requirements Engineering (Req Eng)?
Answer
Requirements Engineering is a process that involves organizing requirements.
2
Question
Why is it important to involve humans in software development?
Answer
To deliver software, software engineers need to communicate, seek agreement, understand the context of the system and development process, and ensure the development does not drift from reality. Many steps are non-technical and rely on subjectivity.
3
Question
What fields contribute to Requirements Engineering as a human activity?
Answer
Cognitive Psychology (understanding people’s difficulties), Anthropology (observing human activities), Sociology (understanding political and cultural changes), and Linguistics (improving understandability).
4
Question
What are the refined elements of the Requirements Engineering model?
Answer
The refined elements include Analysis, Specification, Elicitation, Validation, Requirements Documents, Survey Data, Interview Data, System Documentation, and Procedure Incident Reports.
5
Question
What are the inputs and outputs of a Requirements Engineering process?
Answer
Inputs include Needs, Goals, Existing System, Domain, Internal and External Stakeholders, Information, and Regulations. Outputs include Agreed Requirements, User Requirements, System Requirements, User-System Agreement, and Specification Models.
6
Question
What are User Requirements and System Requirements?
Answer
User Requirements are the needs and expectations of the users, while System Requirements define the functionalities and constraints of the system to be developed.
7
Question
What is the Spiral Model according to Boehm (2004)?
Answer
The Spiral Model emphasizes that successful software development is by nature iterative and incremental.
8
Question
What is Requirements Elicitation?
Answer
Requirements Elicitation is the process of collecting information to identify problems and opportunities, as well as finding relevant information about the application domain and environment.
9
Question
What challenges are associated with Requirements Elicitation?
Answer
Challenges include thin spread of knowledge, tacit knowledge, and limited observability.
10
Question
What techniques are used in Requirements Elicitation?
Answer
Techniques include interviews, shadowing, workshops, scenario-based methods, Analysis, Specification, Elicitation, Validation, and Documentation.
11
Question
What is Requirements Analysis?
Answer
Requirements Analysis involves building models of requirements that can be used for validation and identifying conflicts between requirements.
12
Question
What difficulties arise in Requirements Analysis?
Answer
Formally modeling natural language requirements is a form of art, and many requirements may conflict, especially with more stakeholders involved.
13
Question
What techniques are often used in Requirements Analysis?
Answer
Modeling languages that are often diagrammatic, such as UML and SysML, as well as tables.
14
Question
What is the purpose of Requirements Specification?
Answer
Requirements Specification is the process of documenting the requirements in a structured manner.
15
Question
What is requirements validation?
Answer
Checking the requirements document to make sure the correct system is built.
16
Question
Why is requirements validation hard?
Answer
It requires implementing something to confront it against its requirements, and getting the requirements wrong can be very costly.
17
Question
What techniques are used in requirements validation?
Answer
Informal reviews, inspections, walkthroughs, demonstrations, semi-formal techniques like prototyping and simulation, and formal techniques such as formal proofs and model checking.
18
Question
What is requirements negotiation?
Answer
Dealing with conflicting requirements and finding a way to get to a yes.
19
Question
Why is requirements negotiation hard?
Answer
It requires a deep understanding of the domain and stakeholders, involves politics at stake, and identifying real requirements from fake ones. Some conflicts might never be solved.
20
Question
What techniques are used in requirements negotiation?
Answer
Consensus building, majority rule (not mob rule), and appeal to authority.
21
Question
What metaphor is used to describe organizing requirements?
Answer
Layers of requirements, likened to lasagna.
22
Question
What does the vision scope requirements describe?
Answer
It describes system characteristics and features that reflect the domain, which may not be purely technical.
23
Question
What is an example of a scope requirement?
Answer
The system must interface with the database using Z3950 standard.
24
Question
What are user requirements?
Answer
Statements regarding the tasks of users that should be satisfied by the system, driven from higher-level goals.
25
Question
What is the goal of the game in terms of user requirements?
Answer
The game must provide an engaging experience that leads to players.
26
Question
What are system requirements?
Answer
What the system will do in order to deliver on the needs of the users, providing detailed descriptions of functionalities, services, and constraints.
27
Question
What is an example of a system requirement for a game?
Answer
The game will make use of Unreal Engine and will provide unique logins while securely storing game assets related to those logins.
28
Question
How do multiple system requirements relate to user requirements?
Answer
Multiple system requirements will often satisfy one single user's requirements, showing a zooming into details by digging deeper.
29
Question
What is the interaction between different layers of requirements?
Answer
Business requirements, vision and scope document, user requirements document, software requirements specification, business rules, quality attributes, and constraints interact with each other.
30
Question
What is an example of refinement in requirements?
Answer
The game must provide a means of securing a player's characters and possessions against malicious misuse, which includes authentication of a username and securing password information retrieval.