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Metabolism and Cellular Respiration
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Metabolism and Cellular Respiration
Metabolism and Cellular Respiration
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1
Question
Metabolism
Answer
The internal chemical processes in a living organism that help to maintain life, including importing and exporting molecules, distributing molecules throughout the organism, breaking down food molecules, and producing and transporting hormones.
2
Question
What are examples of metabolic processes?
Answer
Importing and exporting molecules, distributing molecules throughout the organism, breaking down food molecules, and producing and transporting hormones.
3
Question
What is energy conversion from biological molecules to ATP?
Answer
Energy conversion from biological molecules to ATP happens in metabolic pathways.
4
Question
What is a metabolic pathway?
Answer
A series of interconnected biochemical reactions that convert a substrate step-by-step into a final product or products.
5
Question
What is Cellular Respiration?
Answer
A metabolic pathway that converts food molecules into ATP.
6
Question
What is ATP?
Answer
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the currency of energy in biological systems.
7
Question
What are the two reciprocal metabolic processes governing energy flow on Earth?
Answer
1. Photosynthesis 2. Cellular Respiration
8
Question
What are the three main steps of Cellular Respiration?
Answer
1. Glycolysis 2. Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle) 3. Oxidative Phosphorylation (Electron Transport Chain)
9
Question
Where does Cellular Respiration occur?
Answer
In the cytoplasm and mitochondria.
10
Question
What is the structure of ATP?
Answer
ATP is made of adenine, ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups (triphosphate).
11
Question
What happens when a bond between phosphate groups in ATP is broken?
Answer
The phosphate groups become more comfortable, energy is released, and it is available for cells to use.
12
Question
What is the function of ATP?
Answer
ATP stores and releases energy as needed by the cell.
13
Question
What is the process of converting ATP to ADP?
Answer
The conversion of ATP to ADP is a reversible process where ATP loses a phosphate group, releasing free energy.
14
Question
What are redox reactions?
Answer
Coordinated chemical pathways involved in energy production where oxidation is the loss of an electron from an atom and reduction is the gain of an electron by an atom.
15
Question
What are electron carriers involved in ATP generation?
Answer
NAD and FAD.
16
Question
Overall equation for Cellular Respiration?
Answer
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy.
17
Question
What is Glycolysis?
Answer
The first step of cellular respiration that occurs in the cytoplasm and splits glucose into two pyruvates.
18
Question
What are the inputs and outputs of Glycolysis?
Answer
Input: 1 glucose, 2 ATP; Output: 2 pyruvates, 2 ATP (net), 2 NADH.
19
Question
What is the significance of glycolysis in anaerobic organisms?
Answer
Glycolysis does not require oxygen and allows some cells to produce energy in the absence of oxygen.
20
Question
What is the Citric Acid Cycle?
Answer
The second step of cellular respiration, also known as the Krebs Cycle, which occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.
21
Question
What happens during the breakdown of Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA?
Answer
Pyruvate enters the mitochondrial matrix, is converted to Acetyl CoA by Coenzyme A, and CO2 is produced.
22
Question
What are the outputs of the Citric Acid Cycle?
Answer
2 Acetyl CoA, 2 NADH, and 2 CO2 are produced.
23
Question
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
Answer
The final step of cellular respiration occurring in the inner membrane of the mitochondria, involving the electron transport chain and ATP generation.
24
Question
What role does ATP synthase play in oxidative phosphorylation?
Answer
ATP synthase is the enzyme that hydrolyzes ADP to ATP, connecting the intermembrane space to the matrix and allowing the re-entry of H ions.
25
Question
How much ATP is produced through oxidative phosphorylation?
Answer
32 - 34 ATP are produced from the electron carriers during oxidative phosphorylation.
26
Question
What are the byproducts of cellular respiration?
Answer
CO2 and H2O.
27
Question
What factors impact ATP yield during cellular respiration?
Answer
1. The number of hydrogen ions that the ETC can pump. 2. The type of electron carrier (NAD vs. FAD). 3. Tissue type variations in ATP production. 4. The products of intermediate steps in cellular respiration used in other biochemical pathways.