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PSY110
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PSY110
PSY110.pdf Flashcards
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1
Question
What does social perception refer to?
Answer
Social perception refers to identifying and utilizing social cues to make judgments about social roles, rules, relationships, context, or the characteristics (e.g., trustworthiness) of others.
2
Question
What is the focus of object perception?
Answer
The focus of object perception is on the effects of emotional states, motives, and values on the ease or difficulty with which objects are perceived and judged.
3
Question
What is person perception concerned with?
Answer
Person perception is focused on how we come to know about other people's intentions, attitudes, ideas, emotions, and behavior, enabling us to describe, understand, explain their behavior, and form or change our impressions, opinions, and feelings about them.
4
Question
What is the foundation of all human behavior according to the text?
Answer
The foundation of all human behavior is the self, our sense of personal identity and of who we are as individuals.
5
Question
What is labeling bias?
Answer
Labeling bias is a cognitive bias that involves how labeling an individual can affect their self-perception and the perceptions of others.
6
Question
What is self-labeling?
Answer
Self-labeling refers to the process where individuals adopt labels assigned to them, which can influence their identity and behavior.
7
Question
What is internalized prejudice?
Answer
Internalized prejudice refers to the internalization of societal biases and stereotypes, leading individuals to adopt negative beliefs about their own group.
8
Question
What is the SEM model in social comparison?
Answer
The SEM model, developed by Abraham Tesser, explains the comparison process in self-evaluation maintenance.
9
Question
What does the looking glass self concept involve?
Answer
The looking glass self concept involves alignment, where people seek to create consistency between their internal and external worlds, adjusting their self-perception based on how they believe others view them.
10
Question
What are the methods of self-presentation listed in the text?
Answer
The methods of self-presentation include verbalizations, nonverbal presentation, presentation with props, and associations.
11
Question
How does a close other's good performance affect a person according to the text?
Answer
A close other's good performance has positive personal and relational consequences, referring to how people attempt to present themselves to control or shape how others (the audience) view them.
12
Question
What are the determinants of the self mentioned in the text?
Answer
The determinants of the self are culture, which defines the self, and the distinction between individualist and collectivist cultures.
13
Question
What does the Filipino self as interdependent or relational mean?
Answer
The Filipino self as interdependent or relational comprises the set of ideas, images, beliefs, or schemas a person has about the self, emphasizing the unity of self with others rather than a distinct concept.
14
Question
How do self and culture interact according to the text?
Answer
Self and culture construct each other, meaning that cultural practices shape psychological processes, which then transform these cultural meanings and practices.
15
Question
What analogy did Bulatao use to explain the Filipino self?
Answer
Bulatao used the egg analogy to explain the Filipino self.
16
Question
What is kapwa according to Enriquez?
Answer
Kapwa is the combination of the self and others, emphasizing the self in relation to others and representing an interdependent or relational view of self.
17
Question
What are the nature of inference processes listed in the text?
Answer
The nature of inference processes includes temporal extension, assigning of traits, categorization of stimulus, and inference by analogy (which includes metaphorical generalization and functional inference).
Untitled Flashcards
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1
Question
What is Impression Formation?
Answer
Impression Formation refers to the process by which one integrates and organizes various sources of information and inferences about another into a consistent meaningful whole or an overall judgment.
2
Question
What are the cues involved in Impression Formation?
Answer
The cues involved in Impression Formation are Verbal and Nonverbal Cues.
3
Question
What are Verbal Cues?
Answer
Verbal Cues are the spoken words and language used by a person that can influence the impression formed about them.
4
Question
What are Nonverbal Cues?
Answer
Nonverbal Cues are the physical expressions, gestures, and other forms of communication that do not involve words, which can influence impression formation.
5
Question
What influences a person's conclusion about personality in Impression Formation?
Answer
A person bases a conclusion about personality on the functioning of some physical attribute.
6
Question
What is Physical Appearance in the context of Impression Formation?
Answer
Physical Appearance refers to how a person's looks can impact the impressions others form about them.
7
Question
What are Facial Expressions?
Answer
Facial Expressions are a form of nonverbal cue that convey emotions and can significantly influence impressions.
8
Question
What is Paralanguage?
Answer
Paralanguage refers to the vocal elements that accompany speech, such as tone, pitch, and volume, which can affect impression formation.
9
Question
What role does Eye Contact play in Impression Formation?
Answer
Eye Contact is a nonverbal cue that can convey confidence, sincerity, and engagement, impacting how impressions are formed.
10
Question
What is the Additive Model in Impression Formation?
Answer
The Additive Model is one of the processes involved in impression formation that aggregates various traits to form an overall impression.
11
Question
What is the Averaging Model in Impression Formation?
Answer
The Averaging Model is a process in which traits are averaged to determine an overall impression of a person.
12
Question
What does Solomon Asch's research (1940) indicate about traits in Impression Formation?
Answer
Solomon Asch's research indicates that not all traits are created equal, and therefore a simple averaging model will sometimes not work for the final overall impression.
13
Question
What is the Central Traits Effect in Impression Formation?
Answer
The Central Traits Effect suggests that some traits exert a disproportionate influence on people's overall impressions, dominating the final judgment.
14
Question
What does the Weighted Averaging Model attempt to reconcile?
Answer
The Weighted Averaging Model attempts to reconcile the averaging model and the central traits effect.
15
Question
What is Positivity Bias in Impression Formation?
Answer
Positivity Bias is the tendency to express positive evaluations of people more often than negative evaluations.
16
Question
What is the Pollyana Principle?
Answer
The Pollyana Principle is the general tendency to rate things positively, often seen in evaluations where people are rated more pleasantly in the absence of specific information.
17
Question
What is the False Consensus Error?
Answer
The False Consensus Error is the tendency to overestimate how much others share our beliefs and behaviors.
18
Question
What are the two sources of False Consensus Error?
Answer
The two sources of False Consensus Error are Self-justification and Selective Exposure.
19
Question
What is the effect of Perception of Similarity Because of Liking?
Answer
It is the tendency to perceive friends as sharing our characteristics simply because we like them.
20
Question
What is the Primacy Effect?
Answer
The Primacy Effect is the tendency for the first information we receive about someone to have a greater impact on our impressions than later information.
21
Question
What is the Recency Effect?
Answer
The Recency Effect is the tendency for the most recent information we receive to influence our impressions more than earlier information.
22
Question
What is Belief Perseverance?
Answer
Belief Perseverance is the tendency to maintain a belief even after it has been discredited.
23
Question
What is Cognitive Confirmatory Bias?
Answer
Cognitive Confirmatory Bias is the tendency to search for or interpret information in a way that confirms one's preconceptions.
24
Question
What is Behavioral Confirmatory Bias?
Answer
Behavioral Confirmatory Bias is the tendency to behave in a way that confirms one's beliefs about a person or situation.
25
Question
What is Overconfidence Effect?
Answer
The Overconfidence Effect is the phenomenon where a person's subjective confidence in their judgments is reliably greater than their objective accuracy.
26
Question
What is Hindsight Bias?
Answer
Hindsight Bias is the inclination to see events as having been predictable after they have already occurred.
27
Question
What is the impact of first impressions in relationships?
Answer
The impact of first impressions is so strong that it may have implications in relationships, influencing perceptions of others.
28
Question
What happens when the interaction between the perceiver and stimulus person is extended?
Answer
When the interaction is extended or the quality of the relationship goes beyond the superficial level, there is an opportunity to know the real person.
Untitled Flashcards
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1
Question
What are the characteristics of stereotyping?
Answer
1. Categorization of people 2. Consensus on attributed traits 3. Discrepancy between attributed and actual traits.
2
Question
Who proposed the concept of attribution in 1958?
Answer
Fritz Heider.
3
Question
What are the two primary needs of people according to Fritz Heider's attribution theory?
Answer
Dispositional Attribution and Situational Attribution.
4
Question
What is stereotyping in the context of forming impressions?
Answer
Stereotyping is the assigning of generalized and value-laden impressions that people of one group use to characterize those of another group.
5
Question
What identifying characteristics are used to categorize people in stereotyping?
Answer
People are categorized according to certain identifying characteristics such as ethnic background.
6
Question
What is the Fundamental Attribution Error?
Answer
The Fundamental Attribution Error is a bias in attribution which refers to the tendency of people to attribute others' behaviors to their personal characteristics rather than external factors.
7
Question
What is the Action-Observer Effect?
Answer
The Action-Observer Effect is a bias in attribution that highlights the difference in how we perceive our own actions versus those of others.
8
Question
What is the Motivational Attribution Error?
Answer
The Motivational Attribution Error is the assumption that a person's behavior is determined by external factors such as luck, other people's actions, social pressure, or the nature of the situation.
9
Question
How do perceivers typically agree on the attributes of individuals in stereotyping?
Answer
Perceivers agree on the attributes that the persons in the group are categorized by.
10
Question
What does the term 'biases in attribution' refer to?
Answer
Biases in attribution refer to the tendency of people to attribute actions to either personal characteristics or external factors.