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final definitions psych.pdf Flashcards
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final definitions psych.pdf Flashcards
final definitions psych.pdf Flashcards
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1
Question
Answer
2
Question
What is motivation?
Answer
A driving force that prompts one to do something.
3
Question
What are instincts?
Answer
Biologically built in impulses that lead to relatively inflexible behaviors.
4
Question
Who are ethologists?
Answer
People who study animal behavior.
5
Question
What are fixed action patterns?
Answer
Relatively inflexible behaviors that are produced by instincts.
6
Question
What does drive theory or drive reduction theory suggest?
Answer
It suggests that when we feel a lack, this creates a tension or drive that we find unpleasant, so we try to reduce this drive and restore a state of contentment.
7
Question
What is homeostasis?
Answer
A state of balance or contentment.
8
Question
What is an approach-approach conflict?
Answer
Occurs when there are two or more attractive choices and one must choose between them.
9
Question
What is an avoidance-avoidance conflict?
Answer
Occurs when there are multiple choices and one doesn't want any of them, but one must choose.
10
Question
What is an approach-avoidance conflict?
Answer
Occurs when one desires to both approach and avoid a particular option.
11
Question
What does arousal theory propose?
Answer
Eysenck's theory that suggests that people desire an optimal state of arousal and so might seek out relaxing activities to reduce arousal or exciting activities to raise arousal.
12
Question
What is an incentive?
Answer
A reward that motivates behavior.
13
Question
What is intrinsic motivation?
Answer
Motivation that comes from within, such as playing the piano because one enjoys it.
14
Question
What is extrinsic motivation?
Answer
Motivation that comes from outside the person, such as a reward or a threat.
15
Question
What is the overjustification effect?
Answer
The tendency for intrinsic motivation to fall as extrinsic motivation rises.
16
Question
What is the hierarchy of needs according to Maslow's theory?
Answer
It suggests that people desire to fulfill physiological needs first, then safety needs, then social needs, then esteem needs. Once all other needs are met, people desire to reach their full potential (self-actualization).
17
Question
What is self-actualization?
Answer
An aspect of the humanistic perspective that involves fulfilling one's potential.
18
Question
What is the cycle of family violence?
Answer
The tendency for people who are abused as children to be more likely to be abusive toward their own family members.
19
Question
What is the norm of reciprocity?
Answer
The tendency to behave toward others as they have behaved toward us.
20
Question
What is displaced aggression?
Answer
Occurs if we are angry with one target but behave aggressively toward another target.
21
Question
What is triggered displaced aggression?
Answer
Occurs if we are angry with one target but behave aggressively toward another target who commits a minor offense (the trigger).
22
Question
What is frustration?
Answer
The feeling that tends to emerge when one's progress toward a goal is blocked.
23
Question
What is the frustration-aggression hypothesis?
Answer
It suggests that frustration always leads to aggression and that aggression is always the result of frustration.
24
Question
What is relative deprivation?
Answer
Feeling deprived compared to others.
25
Question
What is observational learning or modeling?
Answer
Refers to the fact that we can learn by watching others.
26
Question
What are schemas?
Answer
Knowledge frameworks that organize what we know.
27
Question
What is hostile attribution bias?
Answer
The tendency to perceive hostility in the ambiguous actions of others.
28
Question
What is priming?
Answer
The activation or bringing to mind of thoughts and feelings.
29
Question
What is the weapons effect?
Answer
The tendency for people who are angry to be more aggressive when weapons are present.
30
Question
What is disinhibition?
Answer
An impairment of mechanisms that normally inhibit aggression.