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1
Question
What is Biological Evolution?
Answer
Changes, modifications, and variations in the genetics and inherited traits of biological populations from one generation to another.
2
Question
What is Cultural Evolution?
Answer
Changes or development in cultures from simple form to a more complex form of human cultures.
3
Question
Who introduced the theory of evolution based on natural selection?
Answer
Charles Darwin, the famous English naturalist and geologist.
4
Question
What is Natural Selection?
Answer
The process that affects the frequencies of traits in a particular environment, where traits enhancing survival and reproductive success increase in frequency over time.
5
Question
What are the principles of Natural Selection?
Answer
1. Variability within species 2. Inherited traits 3. Survival of the fittest 4. Passing on favorable traits to offspring
6
Question
What do archaeologists study to learn about human evolution?
Answer
They study fossils and artifacts that provide information about the origins of humans.
7
Question
What are fossils and artifacts important for in the reconstruction of human evolution?
Answer
Fossils provide information about ancient humans or animals, while artifacts show objects made and used by humans.
8
Question
What is a Hominid?
Answer
A general term used by scientists to categorize early humans and humanlike creatures who walked erect during prehistoric times.
9
Question
Name four categories of Hominids based on the age of artifacts and fossils found.
Answer
Sahelanthropus, Ardipithecus, Australopithecus, Homo.
10
Question
Who discovered Homo habilis fossils in Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania?
Answer
Mary and Louis Leakey.
11
Question
What are the characteristics of Homo habilis?
Answer
Height of 3 to 4 feet, brain size half of modern humans (700 cubic centimeters), made Oldowan tools from volcanic stones, used tools for hunting and food gathering.
12
Question
What is Homo erectus known for?
Answer
Smaller but longer face, larger brain size, made tools, controlled fire, and spread from Africa to Asia and Europe.
13
Question
Where was Java Man excavated?
Answer
Trinil, Java, Indonesia, by Eugene Dubois.
14
Question
Describe the Homo sapiens neanderthalensis.
Answer
Larger brain size than modern man, gigantic in size, large head and jaw, very powerful and muscular.
15
Question
What two types did Homo sapiens separate into?
Answer
Homo sapiens neanderthalensis and Homo sapiens sapiens.
16
Question
Who were the Java Man and Peking Man?
Answer
They were cave dwellers with brain capacities similar to modern man at 1300cc.
17
Question
Describe Homo sapiens neanderthalensis.
Answer
They had a larger brain size than modern man, were gigantic, powerful, muscular, carnivores, hunters, and lived in groups.
18
Question
What are the characteristics of Homo sapiens sapiens (modern-day man)?
Answer
Smaller in size, brain size reduced to 1300cc, reduced jaw size, rounded skull and chin.
19
Question
Who were the Cro-Magnons and what were their advancements?
Answer
They were early Homo sapiens spread wide, developed thinking, art, sophisticated tools, sentiments, and were omnivores.
20
Question
What are the stages of sociopolitical evolution in human societies?
Answer
Hunting and gathering, horticultural and pastoral, agricultural, industrial, and post-industrial revolutions.
21
Question
Describe hunting and gathering societies.
Answer
They produce simple tools for hunting animals and gathering food, the oldest and basic way of economic subsistence.
22
Question
What are horticultural societies known for?
Answer
They are semi-sedentary and do not frequently move, developed around 10,000 years ago.
23
Question
What is the principal means of subsistence in pastoral societies?
Answer
Animal domestication.
24
Question
When did agricultural societies begin and what did they cultivate?
Answer
Began 5000 years ago during the Neolithic Period, started cultivating wheat, barley, peas, rice, and millet between 8000 and 3500 BCE.
25
Question
What defines an industrial society?
Answer
It harnesses new energy resources, applies advanced technology, and invents machinery.
26
Question
What characterized a post-industrial society?
Answer
Focus on new information and technology application rather than factory production.
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Lesson-4.pdf Flashcards
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1
Question
What is socialization?
Answer
Socialization refers to a lifelong social experience by which people develop their human potential and learn the culture.
2
Question
What is enculturation?
Answer
Enculturation is the process by which people learn the requirements of their surrounding culture and acquire the values and behaviors appropriate or necessary in that culture.
3
Question
What is the stage of development of the self that involves the child mimicking behaviors and actions of significant others around them?
Answer
The stage of development of the self that involves imitation, where the child starts with mimicking behaviors and actions of significant others around him or her.
4
Question
What is the stage where the child takes different roles observed in adult society and plays them out to gain an understanding of the different social roles?
Answer
The stage of development of the self that involves play, where the child takes different roles observed in adult society and plays them out to gain an understanding of the different social roles.
5
Question
What is the stage of development of the self where the child must take the role of everyone else involved in the game, and definite personalities start to emerge?
Answer
The stage of development of the self that involves the game, where the child must take the role of everyone else involved in the game, and definite personalities start to emerge.
6
Question
What is identity formation?
Answer
Identity formation is the development of an individual's distinct personality, which is regarded as a persisting entity in a particular stage of life by which a person is recognized or known.
7
Question
What is self-concept?
Answer
Self-concept is the sum of a person's knowledge and understanding of himself or herself.
8
Question
What are norms and values in society?
Answer
Norms are rules that guide the behavior of members of a society or group, while values are culturally defined standards that people use to decide what is desirable, good, and beautiful.
9
Question
What is status in sociology?
Answer
Status refers to a social position that a person holds.
10
Question
What is role in sociology?
Answer
Role refers to the behavior of someone who holds a particular status.
11
Question
What is conformity in sociology?
Answer
Conformity is the act of behaving in accordance with socially accepted standards, conventions, rules, or laws.
12
Question
What is deviance in sociology?
Answer
Deviance refers to behavior that violates expected rules and norms in society.
13
Question
What is the Structural Strain Theory of deviance?
Answer
The Structural Strain Theory, developed by Robert K. Merton, traces the origin of deviance to the tensions caused by the gap between cultural norms and the structure of society.
14
Question
What is deviance within the context of cultural norms?
Answer
Deviance refers to behavior that violates expected rules and norms, seen as a form of aberration or deviation from social expectations.
15
Question
What is the Structural Strain Theory of deviance developed by Robert K. Merton?
Answer
This theory traces the origin of deviance to tensions caused by the gap between cultural goals and the means available to achieve those goals.
16
Question
What are the different forms of deviance according to Merton's theory?
Answer
- Conformity, Ritualism, Innovators, Retreatism, and Rebellion.
17
Question
Explain the Labeling Theory of deviance.
Answer
This theory focuses on the assumption that no act is intrinsically criminal, and the definition of criminality is established by those in power through interpretation by police, courts, and correctional institutions.
18
Question
What is the Social Control Theory developed by Travis Hirschi?
Answer
It is a functionalist theory suggesting that deviance occurs when a person's or group's attachment to social bonds is weakened, emphasizing the importance of social bonds in conformity.
19
Question
Define Human Dignity.
Answer
Human Dignity is the recognition that human beings possess a special value intrinsic to their humanity and deserve respect simply because they are human beings.
20
Question
What are Human Rights?
Answer
Human rights are the basic rights and freedoms belonging to every person in the world from birth until death, regardless of their origin, beliefs, or lifestyle choices.
21
Question
What is the Common Good?
Answer
The Common Good refers to the advantage or benefit of all people in society or a group, encouraging collaboration for the welfare of all despite differences.
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