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Dimensions of Health
Study
1
Question
What is the concept of health according to the World Health Organization (WHO)?
Answer
Health is the state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
2
Question
What is the common meaning of health for everyday use according to the text? Provide a negative and positive definition.
Answer
Negative Definition: Absence of disease or illness. Positive Definition: A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
3
Question
What are the dimensions of health mentioned in the text?
Answer
Physical Health, Mental Health, Emotional Health, Social/Environmental Health, Spiritual Health.
4
Question
Define holistic health as per the text.
Answer
Holistic health is an approach that identifies components of health that function interdependently to influence an individual's health.
5
Question
Describe wellness according to the text.
Answer
Wellness is well-being. It involves engaging in attitudes and behaviors that enhance quality of life and maximize personal potential.
6
Question
What is the common meaning of health for everyday use?
Answer
Absence of disease or illness
7
Question
What is the negative definition of health?
Answer
A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
8
Question
What is the positive definition of health?
Answer
A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
9
Question
What are the characteristics of health?
Answer
Physical Health, Mental Health, Emotional Health, Social/Environmental Health, Spiritual Health
10
Question
What are the dimensions of health?
Answer
Physical Health, Mental Health, Emotional Health, Social/Environmental Health, Spiritual Health
11
Question
What is holistic health?
Answer
An approach that identifies components of health that function interdependently to influence an individual's health
12
Question
What is wellness?
Answer
Wellness is well-being. It involves engaging in attitudes and behaviors that enhance quality of life and maximize personal potential
13
Question
How is well-being defined?
Answer
Well-being is a subjective perspective of balance, harmony, and vitality
14
Question
What is the Travis Wellness Model?
Answer
It identifies components of health that function interdependently to influence an individual's health
15
Question
What factors affect health and illness?
Answer
Illness, Hereditary Factors, Behavioral Factors, Environmental Factors
16
Question
What is illness?
Answer
A personal state in which a person feels unhealthy
17
Question
How is illness defined?
Answer
A state in which a person's physical, emotional, intellectual, social, developmental, or spiritual functioning is diminished or impaired compared with previous experience
18
Question
What are the precursors of illness?
Answer
Hereditary Factors, Behavioral Factors, Environmental Factors
19
Question
What are Schumann's stages of illness?
Answer
Stage 1: Symptom Experience - Transition stage where the person believes something is wrong, experiences physical limitation in functioning
20
Question
What are the precursors of illness related to hereditary factors?
Answer
Family history of conditions like diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and cancer
21
Question
What are the precursors of illness related to behavioral factors?
Answer
Cigarette smoking, alcohol abuse, and high animal fat intake
22
Question
What are the precursors of illness related to environmental factors?
Answer
Overcrowding, poor sanitation, and poor supply of potable water
23
Question
What are the stages of illness according to Schumann?
Answer
1. Symptom experience 2. Assumption of sick role 3. Medical care 4. Dependent patient role 5. Recovery/Rehabilitation
24
Question
Describe Stage 1 of illness according to Schumann.
Answer
Transition stage where the person believes something is wrong, experiences physical limitations, and shows symptoms like fever, muscle aches, malaise, and headache
25
Question
What is the focus of Stage 2 in Schumann's stages of illness?
Answer
Assumption of the sick role, acceptance of the illness, and seeking advice and support for decision-making
26
Question
Why does a person seek medical care in Stage 3 of Schumann's stages of illness?
Answer
To validate the illness, explain symptoms, and receive reassurance or predictions about the outcome
27
Question
What characterizes the Dependent Patient Role in Stage 4 of Schumann's stages of illness?
Answer
The person becomes dependent on health professionals for help, accepts or rejects suggestions, becomes passive, and may regress to an earlier behavioral stage
28
Question
What is the focus of Stage 5 in Schumann's stages of illness?
Answer
Recovery and rehabilitation, adjusting to health changes, giving up the sick role, and returning to previous roles and functions
29
Question
Define disease.
Answer
An alteration in body functions leading to reduced capacities or a shortened life span
30
Question
What are common causes of diseases related to biological agents?
Answer
Infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and other microorganisms
UNIT 1.2 - Pharmaceutical Care.pdf Flashcards
Study
1
Question
Concerns among Health Providers
Answer
Potential abuse, misuse, and inappropriate use of drugs; increase in health care cost; patient suffering
2
Question
Pharmacist
Answer
Has a unique body of knowledge and skills to contribute in our health care system; dispenses the appropriate drug product and has the knowledge to assure safe and rational use of drugs
3
Question
The Ten Star Pharmacist
Answer
Pharmaceutical Care Giver, Researcher, Manager, Communicator, Leader, Lifelong Learner, Decision Maker, Entrepreneur, Teacher, Agent of Positive Change
4
Question
The Patient-Oriented Professional
Answer
Able to apply and provide drug knowledge to improve drug use in the health care system
5
Question
Primary Aim
Answer
To attain success in the goals for therapy; pharmacist must approach the patient in the counseling encounter as a HELPER and an EDUCATOR
6
Question
Patient Quality of Life (PQL)
Answer
Welfare of humanity and the relief of human suffering is the primary concern; must learn to view medication use from the patient's perspective
7
Question
Pharmacy Practice
Answer
Medical Model: Patient is passive, trust is based on expertise and authority of pharmacist; Helping Model: Patient is actively involved, trust is based on personal relationship developed over time. Pharmacist identifies problems and determines solutions, pharmacist assists patients in exposing problems and possible solutions, patient is dependent on
8
Question
What is the primary concern in pharmacy practice?
Answer
Welfare of humanity and the relief of human suffering
9
Question
How should pharmacists approach the patient in counseling encounters?
Answer
As a helper and an educator
10
Question
What must pharmacists learn to view medications from?
Answer
The patient's perspective
11
Question
What are the differences between the medical model and the helping model in pharmacy practice?
Answer
Medical model: patient is passive, trust based on expertise. Helping model: patient is actively involved, trust based on personal relationship
12
Question
What is the goal of pharmaceutical care?
Answer
Responsible provision of therapy to improve the patient's quality of life
13
Question
According to Hepler and Strand, what is pharmaceutical care focused on achieving?
Answer
Definite outcomes that improve the patient's quality of life
14
Question
What are the primary differences between traditional pharmacy, clinical pharmacy, and pharmaceutical care in terms of focus and strategies?
Answer
Traditional Pharmacy: focus on Rx orders, strategy to obey. Clinical Pharmacy: focus on physicians, strategy to find fault or anticipate prevention. Pharmaceutical Care: focus on outcomes, strategy to improve
15
Question
What is the emphasis in the transformation of healthcare from the old paradigm to the new paradigm?
Answer
From acute patient care to continuum of care, from treating illness to maintaining wellness, from individual patients to defined populations, and from increasing market share to increasing covered lives
16
Question
What are the OUTCOMES to be achieved in pharmaceutical care?
Answer
1. Cure of a disease 2. Elimination or reduction of a patient's symptomatology 3. Arresting or slowing of a disease process 4. Preventing a disease or symptomatology
17
Question
What are the FIVE STEPS IN THE PHARMACEUTICAL CARE PROCESS?
Answer
1. A professional relationship with the patient must be established 2. Patient-specific medical information must be collected, organized, recorded, and maintained 3. Patient-specific medical information must be evaluated, and a drug therapy plan developed mutually with the patient 4. The pharmacist must ensure that the supplies, information, and knowledge necessary to carry out the drug therapy plan 5. The pharmacist must review, monitor, and modify the therapeutic plan as necessary and appropriate in concern with the patient and healthcare team
18
Question
What is emphasized in the old paradigm of healthcare?
Answer
Emphasis on acute patient care Emphasis on treating illness Responsible for individual patients All providers are essentially similar Success achieved by increasing market share of inpatient admissions Goal is to fill beds Hospitals, physicians, and health plans are separate
19
Question
What is emphasized in the new paradigm of healthcare?
Answer
Emphasis on the continuum of care Emphasis on maintaining and promoting wellness Accountable for the health of defined populations Differentiation based on ability to add value Success is achieved by increasing the number of covered lives and keeping people well
20
Question
What are the five steps in the pharmaceutical care process?
Answer
1. Establish a professional relationship with the patient 2. Collect, organize, record, and maintain patient-specific medical information 3. Evaluate patient-specific medical information and develop a drug therapy plan 4. Ensure necessary supplies, information, and knowledge for the drug therapy plan 5. Review, monitor, and modify the therapeutic plan as necessary
21
Question
Step 1 of the pharmaceutical care process involves establishing what with the patient?
Answer
A professional relationship
22
Question
What is done in step 2 of the pharmaceutical care process regarding patient-specific medical information?
Answer
It must be collected, organized, recorded, and maintained
23
Question
In step 3 of the pharmaceutical care process, what is developed mutually with the patient?
Answer
A drug therapy plan
24
Question
What does the pharmacist ensure in step 4 of the pharmaceutical care process to carry out the drug therapy plan?
Answer
Supplies, information, and knowledge
25
Question
What does the pharmacist do in step 5 of the pharmaceutical care process to the therapeutic plan?
Answer
Review, monitor, and modify it as necessary and appropriate
UNIT 1.1 - Introduction to Health Care System.1
Study
1
Question
What is Joint Commission International known as in the Philippines?
Answer
Tripartite Accreditation for Health Facilities Inc
2
Question
What does UHC stand for in the context of healthcare?
Answer
Universal Health Care
3
Question
According to the Declaration of Alma-Ata 1978, what is the fundamental human right related to health?
Answer
Health, a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being
4
Question
What is the primary purpose of a health system?
Answer
To improve healthcare
5
Question
What is Primary Healthcare (PHC) focused on?
Answer
Ensuring the highest possible level of health and wellbeing and their equitable distribution
6
Question
What is the key message of the Declaration of Alma-Ata 1978 regarding health policy?
Answer
Health for All through primary healthcare
7
Question
Which organization focuses on hospital accreditation in the Philippines?
Answer
National Accreditation Board for Hospitals and Health Providers
8
Question
What is the primary goal of a UHC's Three Strategic Test?
Answer
Relevant Statistics Population of the Philippines
9
Question
What is the projected number of live births in the Philippines exceeding the number of deaths in 2023?
Answer
1,969,328
10
Question
What is the definition of health according to the Declaration of Alma-Ata 1978?
Answer
A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
11
Question
What is the Tripartite Accreditation for Health Facilities Inc focused on in the Philippines?
Answer
Accreditation of health facilities
12
Question
What important elements are mentioned in the segment about the healthcare system in the Philippines?
Answer
Primary Healthcare, Declaration of Alma-Ata 1978, Important Elements of Health Care System in the Philippines
13
Question
What is the Declaration of Alma-Ata (1978) focused on achieving?
Answer
The highest possible level of health and wellbeing and their equitable distribution by focusing on people's needs and as early as possible along the continuum from health promotion and disease prevention to treatment, rehabilitation, and palliative care, and as close as feasible to people's everyday environment.
14
Question
According to the Declaration of Alma-Ata (1978), what is health defined as?
Answer
Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, and is considered a fundamental human right.
15
Question
What is the goal of the Declaration of Alma-Ata (1978) regarding health policy?
Answer
Health for All through primary health care.
16
Question
What is the importance of the Declaration of Astana (2018) in relation to primary health care?
Answer
It emphasizes the critical role of primary health care and aims to refocus efforts to ensure that everyone everywhere is able to enjoy the highest possible standard of health.
17
Question
What does the Declaration of Astana (2018) renew political commitment to in terms of primary health care?
Answer
Primary health care from governments, NGOs, professional organizations, academia, and global health and development organizations.
18
Question
What is the significance of primary health care (PHC)?
Answer
It provides the programmatic engine for Universal Health Care (UHC), the health-related Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and health security, and is an equitable, cost-effective, and efficient approach to enhance people's physical and mental health as well as social wellbeing.
19
Question
What does the Declaration of Alma-Ata renew political commitment to?
Answer
Primary health care
20
Question
What does primary health care provide the programmatic engine for?
Answer
Universal Health Care (UHC), the health-related Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and health security
21
Question
What is primary health care described as in terms of approach and benefits?
Answer
An equitable, cost-effective, and efficient approach to enhance physical and mental health, as well as social well-being
22
Question
What is the main characteristic of primary care?
Answer
Front-line or first contact, person-centered, and comprehensive in scope
23
Question
Where does primary health care operate to address health problems with a wider population focus?
Answer
Local community
24
Question
What does the term 'health care delivery system' refer to?
Answer
The network of health facilities and personnel that provide health care to the people
25
Question
What can primary health care make health systems more resilient to?
Answer
Situations of crisis, more proactive in detecting early signs of epidemics, and more prepared to act early in response to surges in demand for service
26
Question
What are the objectives of health systems?
Answer
Improving people's health and well-being, responding to people's expectations, and providing protection against the costs of ill health
27
Question
What is a complex set of organizations interacting to provide a variety of health services known as?
Answer
Philippine health care delivery system
28
Question
What is PRIMARY CARE?
Answer
Front line or First Contact, Person centered, Comprehensive in scope, Not limited to illness episodes or by organ system or disease process involved
29
Question
What does PRIMARY HEALTH CARE focus on?
Answer
Operating in the local community to address health problems with a wider population focus
30
Question
What is the definition of HEALTH CARE DELIVERY SYSTEM?
Answer
Refers to the network of health facilities and personnel that provide health care services to the people
UNIT 1.1 - Introduction to Health Care System.2
Study
1
Question
How many categories of health workers are trained in the Philippines?
Answer
At least 22 categories
2
Question
What are the top four categories of health professionals working in health institutions in the Philippines?
Answer
Nurses (90,308), doctors (40,775), midwives (43,044), and medical technologists (13,413)
3
Question
Which category of health workers is the largest in the Philippines?
Answer
Nurses and Midwives
4
Question
Where are more hospital-based doctors, nurses, PTs, and OTs found - in the private sector or government sector?
Answer
Private sector
5
Question
Which regions in the Philippines have a higher proportion of government health workers than others?
Answer
NCR, Regions III, and IVA
6
Question
What career choices are government-based positions perceived as by newly trained MDs?
Answer
Not attractive due to isolation from colleagues and lack of incentives
7
Question
What is the distribution scheme for pharmaceuticals in the Philippines?
Answer
Supply-driven distribution scheme, with drugstores being the main source for medicine
8
Question
What constraints exist in accessing essential drugs in the Philippines?
Answer
Limited availability, irrational use, and high costs
9
Question
What does the FDA Center for Device Regulation and Radiation Health Research in the Philippines focus on?
Answer
Developing plans, policies, programs, and strategies for regulating health and health-related devices and technology
10
Question
What is the most basic equipment for medical devices across the country in the Philippines?
Answer
General radiography
11
Question
What is the distribution scheme for pharmaceuticals in the Philippines?
Answer
Supply-driven distribution scheme
12
Question
Where do the majority of the population avail their medicine in the Philippines?
Answer
Drugstores
13
Question
In which type of hospitals in the Philippines does monopolistic pricing exist in drug sales?
Answer
Private hospitals
14
Question
What are the constraints in accessing essential drugs in the Philippines?
Answer
Limited availability, irrational use, high costs
15
Question
What agency in the Philippines develops plans, policies, programs, and strategies for regulating health-related devices and technology?
Answer
FDA Center for Device Regulation and Radiation Health Research
16
Question
Which type of equipment represents the most basic equipment across the country in the Philippines?
Answer
General radiography
17
Question
In 2016, how many radiography X-ray machines were licensed by the DOH in the Philippines?
Answer
4733
18
Question
Where are generic retailers located in the Philippines?
Answer
High-density, low-income neighborhoods in cities like Metro Manila
19
Question
What are the key elements in health financing in the Philippines?
Answer
Raising sufficient funds for health, pooling financial resources, using funds efficiently and equitably
20
Question
What is the public share for health spending in the Philippines?
Answer
Low public share
21
Question
How many mammography machines are there per 1 million population?
Answer
87
22
Question
How many MRIs are there per 1 million population?
Answer
46
23
Question
How many X-ray machines are there per 1 million population?
Answer
42
24
Question
How many CT machines are there per 1 million population?
Answer
08
25
Question
Where are generic medicine retailers located in cities like Metro Manila?
Answer
High-density, low-income neighborhoods
26
Question
What do generic retailers sell at lower costs?
Answer
High-volume over-the-counter medicines
27
Question
What are the key elements in health financing?
Answer
Raising sufficient funds for health, pooling financial resources, sharing financial risks, using funds efficiently and equitably
28
Question
What is the current state of health financing in the Philippines in terms of public share for health spending?
Answer
Low public share, high proportion of out-of-pocket spending, fragmented and inequitable
29
Question
What is the role of PhilHealth in the Philippines?
Answer
National Health Insurance Corporation providing coverage through various programs
30
Question
What are the 3 major groups of payers of healthcare in the Philippines?
Answer
Government, Social Health Insurance, Private Sources
View
UNIT-IB-Basic-Management-Concepts-Management-Theories.pdf Flashcards
Study
1
Question
What is the main focus of mainstream management in terms of effectiveness?
Answer
Maximizing materialist individualist outcomes such as productivity, competitiveness, and profitability.
2
Question
What is the main focus of multistream management in terms of effectiveness?
Answer
Finding a balance among multiple forms of well-being for multiple stakeholders, including material, individual, social, ecological, intellectual, physical, and spiritual aspects.
3
Question
What are the key functions that mainstream managers focus on and how do they perform effectively?
Answer
Mainstream managers focus on Planning (measurable goals, rationally designed strategies), Organizing (standardization, specialization, centralization), Leading (motivating others to achieve goals), and Controlling (vigilant monitoring of performance).
4
Question
What are the key functions that multistream managers focus on and how do they perform effectively?
Answer
Multistream managers focus on Planning (practical wisdom, participation, higher order goals), Organizing (courage, experimentation), Leading (relational self-control, treating members with dignity), and Controlling (fairness, sensitivity to suboptimal conditions).
5
Question
What are the criteria for determining the impact of a management decision in the Dyck Neubert management view?
Answer
Significant impact, meaningful impact, agreed-upon consensus, relevance, and timely consideration of every aspect.
6
Question
What is the difference between mainstream SMART goals and multistream SMART2 goals in the Dyck Neubert management view?
Answer
Mainstream SMART goals refer to Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Timely goals, while Multistream SMART2 goals add an additional '2' for considering the impact on stakeholders.
7
Question
What is the goal setting approach followed in the Dyck Neubert management view?
Answer
Management by Objectives (MBO) system where managers and employees define goals for departments, projects, and individuals, using them to monitor performance.
8
Question
What are the higher-order goals emphasized in the text?
Answer
Organizing via courage and experimentation, Leading via relational self-control and treating members with dignity, Controlling via fairness and being sensitive to suboptimal conditions
9
Question
What impact will the higher-order goals make?
Answer
SIGNIFICANT
10
Question
How much impact will the higher-order goals make?
Answer
MEANINGFUL
11
Question
How can a consensus be reached according to the text?
Answer
AGREED UPON
12
Question
Why will the higher-order goals make an impact?
Answer
RELEVANT
13
Question
When is the best time to consider the higher-order goals according to the text?
Answer
TIMELY
14
Question
What is the abbreviation for SMART goals mentioned in the text?
Answer
Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time-bound (SMART)
15
Question
What does MBO stand for?
Answer
Management By Objectives
16
Question
What is the system whereby managers and employees define goals for every department, project, and person?
Answer
Management By Objectives (MBO)