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Civic literacy review 1
Study
Supremacy Clause
The Supremacy Clause establishes that the U.S. Constitution, federal laws, and treaties are the supreme law of the land.
concurrent powers
Concurrent powers are powers that are shared by both the federal government and state governments.
implied powers
Powers that are not explicitly stated in the Constitution but are implied to be granted to the federal government.
President pro tempore of the Senate
Officer of the Senate selected by the majority party to act as chair in the absence of the Vice President who is the President of the Senate
democracy
A system of government in which power is vested in the people, who rule either directly or through elected representatives.
natural rights
Rights that people have inherently, such as the right to life, liberty, and property.
Rule of Law
No one is above the law; Everyone must follow the laws, regardless of their position of power.
Common Sense by Thomas Paine
pamphlet that advocated for the colonies declaring independence from Britain
Anti-Federalist Papers
The Anti-Federalist Papers were a series of essays written in opposition to the ratification of the U.S. Constitution.
Civil Rights Movement
The Civil Rights Movement aimed to end racial segregation and discrimination against African Americans in the United States.
Selective Service Act
The Selective Service Act established the country's first peacetime draft in 1940.
Popular Sovereignty
Popular Sovereignty was the idea that political power is derived from the consent of the governed.
Roe v. Wade
Legalized abortion across the United States.
Plessy v. Ferguson 1896
Supreme Court upheld racial segregation under the "separate but equal" doctrine.
Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier (1988)
The Supreme Court upheld the censorship of school-sponsored student newspapers.
Bush v. Gore (2000)
Supreme Court decided the presidential election dispute, due to inconsistent evaluation.
Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)
Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) was a Supreme Court case that ruled that African Americans, whether free or enslaved, were not considered citizens and therefore could not sue in federal court.
Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
The Supreme Court ruled that racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional.
Tinker Vs.Des Moines(1968)
Students do not shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gate.
Gideon Vs .Wainwright (1963)
Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) established the right to counsel for criminal defendants who cannot afford them.
In Re Gault (1967)
Gerald Gault was a 15-year-old accused of making an obscene phone call to a neighbor; established the principle that young persons have constitutional rights
Mapp v. Ohio (1961)
The Supreme Court case that established the exclusionary rule for illegally obtained evidence; may not be used in criminal prosecutions in state courts, as well as federal courts.
Miranda vs. Arizona, 1961
Miranda v. Arizona established the Miranda warning and the requirement that law enforcement officers inform individuals of their rights before questioning.
Engel v. Vitale (1962)
Supreme Court ruled that school-sponsored prayer was unconstitutional. (violates separation of church and state and freedom of religion)
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
the Supreme Court upheld the power of the national government and denied the right of a state to tax the federal bank using the Constitution's supremacy clause.
Checks and Balances
The system that prevents any one branch of government from having too much power.
Federalism
The breaking of the gov't into Federal and state levels, each having certain powers
Governmental Powers (cases)
Study
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
Established the principle of judicial review.
Barron v. Baltimore (1833)
The Supreme Court ruled that the Bill of Rights limited only the actions of the federal government, not the state governments.
Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)
The Supreme Court ruled that African Americans were not citizens and could not sue in federal court.
Ex parte Milligan (1866)
The Supreme Court ruled that military tribunals could not try civilians in areas where civil courts were operational.
United States v. Nixon (1974)
The Supreme Court ruled that the President must comply with a subpoena for tapes and documents.
Bush v. Gore (2000)
Supreme Court decided the 2000 presidential election. Different standards for vote recounts in different Florida counties violated the Equal Protection Clause.
District of Columbia v. Heller (2008)
The Supreme Court ruled that the Second Amendment protects an individual's right to possess a firearm for traditionally lawful purposes, such as self-defense within the home.
1st Amendment (cases)
Study
Schenck v. United States (1919)
Established the "clear and present danger" test for limiting free speech rights.
Near v. Minnesota (1931)
The Supreme Court case that held that the government cannot censor or prohibit a publication in advance, even though the publication may be punishable after it is in circulation. strong protections for freedom of the press.
West Virginia v. Barnette (1943)
The Supreme Court ruled that public schools cannot force students to salute the flag or say the Pledge of Allegiance.
Engel v. Vitale (1962)
Supreme Court case involving school prayer. Unconstitutional, as it violated establishment clause.
New York Times v. Sullivan (1964)
The Supreme Court decision established the "actual malice" standard for libel cases involving public figures.
Tinker v. Des Moines (1969)
Tinker v. Des Moines (1969) was a landmark Supreme Court case regarding freedom of speech in public schools. Black armbands to protest vietnam.
Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier (1988)
The Supreme Court held that public high schools have the authority to exercise editorial control over the content of student newspapers.
Texas v. Johnson (1989)
The Supreme Court ruled that burning the American flag in protest is protected speech under the First Amendment.
Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010)
Supreme Court case that ruled that political spending is a form of protected speech under the First Amendment.
Due process (cases)
Study
Mapp v. Ohio (1961)
Exclusionary rule. illegally obtained evidence cannot be used in state court trials.
Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)
Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) established the right to counsel for criminal defendants.
Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
Miranda rights
In re Gault (1967)
Supreme Court case that extended several constitutional protections to minors.
Equal Protection (cases)
Study
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Supreme Court upheld "separate but equal" segregation laws.
Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
Overturned the "separate but equal" doctrine in public education.
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978)
Supreme Court ruled that the use of strict racial quotas in university admissions is unconstitutional.
Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)
The Supreme Court legalized same-sex marriage nationwide.
Privacy Rights (cases)
Study
Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)
Supreme Court case that struck down a Connecticut law prohibiting the use of contraceptives.
Roe v. Wade (1973)
Legalized abortion across the United States.
Federalism (cases)
Study
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
The Supreme Court ruled in favor of McCulloch, stating that the federal government has implied powers to carry out its enumerated powers, and that states cannot impede those powers through taxation.
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
Supreme Court decision regulating interstate commerce.
Cooper v. Aaron (1958)
The Supreme Court ruled that the states must follow the Court's decisions.
