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What is the function of the hypothalamus?
Regulates hunger, thirst, temperature, sleep, and libido.
What is the function of the limbic system?
Essential for regulation and modulation of emotions and memory.
What is the function of the thalamus?
Sensory relay station except for smell; prevents overwhelming the cortex; regulates emotions and memory.
What is the function of the hippocampus?
Regulates memory; converts short-term memory into long-term memory; responsible for mediating mood, fear, emotion, and aggression.
What is the function of the amygdala?
Connects sensory (smell) information with emotions.
What is the function of the basal ganglia?
Modulates and stabilizes somatic motor activity; functions in involuntary motor activities; contains caudate and putamen.
What are the symptoms of basal ganglia problems?
Lead to bradykinesia, hyperkinesia, and dystonia.
What are the components of the brainstem?
Midbrain, Pons, Medulla.
What is the function of the cerebellum?
Responsible for maintaining equilibrium.
What test is used for detecting problems with cerebellar functioning?
Romberg test.
What is the function of the reticular formation?
Receives input from cortex, serves as integration area for input from post-sensory pathways; regulates involuntary movement, reflex, muscle tone, and vital sign control; critical to consciousness and ability to mentally focus and be alert.
What are glia?
Structures that form the myelin sheath around axons and provide protection and support; send or conduct information away from cell body.
What are the types of neurotransmitters?
1. Monoamines 2. Amino acids 3. Cholinergics 4. Neuropeptides.
What are the monoamines?
1. Serotonin 2. Epinephrine 3. Norepinephrine 4. Dopamine.
What are the amino acids neurotransmitters?
1. Glutamate 2. Aspartate 3. GABA 4. Glycine.
What is the cholinergic neurotransmitter?
Acetylcholine.
What are the two types of neuropeptides?
1. Non-opioid type (Substance P, Somatostatin) 2. Opioid type (Endorphins, Enkephalins, Dynorphins).
What is the effect of decreased acetylcholine?
Impaired memory, as seen in Alzheimer's disease.
What is the effect of increased acetylcholine on Parkinsonian symptoms?
Increased acetylcholine exacerbates Parkinsonian symptoms.
What is the effect of increased dopamine on schizophrenia?
Increased dopamine is associated with schizophrenia and psychosis.
What is the effect of decreased dopamine and what condition is it associated with?
Decreased dopamine is associated with substance abuse and anhedonia as well as Parkinson's disease.
What is the effect of increased norepinephrine (NE) on mental health?
Increased NE is associated with anxiety.
What is the effect of decreased norepinephrine (NE) on mental health?
Decreased NE is associated with depression.
What effect does decreased serotonin have on mental health?
Decreased serotonin is associated with depression, OCD, anxiety disorders, and schizophrenia.
What is the effect of decreased GABA in mental health?
Decreased GABA is associated with anxiety disorders.
What is the effect of increased glutamate on mental health?
Increased glutamate is associated with bipolar affective disorder and psychosis from ischemic neurotoxicity or excessive pruning.
What is the effect of decreased glutamate on mental health?
Decreased glutamate is associated with memory and learning difficulties and negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
What are the problems associated with decreased opioid neuropeptides?
Decreased opioid neuropeptides are associated with substance abuse.
What are the functions of dopamine?
Dopamine functions in thinking, decision-making, reward-seeking behavior, and fine muscle action.
