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1
Question
Answer
2
Question
What is the function of the hypothalamus?
Answer
Regulates hunger, thirst, temperature, sleep, and libido.
3
Question
What is the function of the limbic system?
Answer
Essential for regulation and modulation of emotions and memory.
4
Question
What is the function of the thalamus?
Answer
Sensory relay station except for smell; prevents overwhelming the cortex; regulates emotions and memory.
5
Question
What is the function of the hippocampus?
Answer
Regulates memory; converts short-term memory into long-term memory; responsible for mediating mood, fear, emotion, and aggression.
6
Question
What is the function of the amygdala?
Answer
Connects sensory (smell) information with emotions.
7
Question
What is the function of the basal ganglia?
Answer
Modulates and stabilizes somatic motor activity; functions in involuntary motor activities; contains caudate and putamen.
8
Question
What are the symptoms of basal ganglia problems?
Answer
Lead to bradykinesia, hyperkinesia, and dystonia.
9
Question
What are the components of the brainstem?
Answer
Midbrain, Pons, Medulla.
10
Question
What is the function of the cerebellum?
Answer
Responsible for maintaining equilibrium.
11
Question
What test is used for detecting problems with cerebellar functioning?
Answer
Romberg test.
12
Question
What is the function of the reticular formation?
Answer
Receives input from cortex, serves as integration area for input from post-sensory pathways; regulates involuntary movement, reflex, muscle tone, and vital sign control; critical to consciousness and ability to mentally focus and be alert.
13
Question
What are glia?
Answer
Structures that form the myelin sheath around axons and provide protection and support; send or conduct information away from cell body.
14
Question
What are the types of neurotransmitters?
Answer
1. Monoamines 2. Amino acids 3. Cholinergics 4. Neuropeptides.
15
Question
What are the monoamines?
Answer
1. Serotonin 2. Epinephrine 3. Norepinephrine 4. Dopamine.
16
Question
What are the amino acids neurotransmitters?
Answer
1. Glutamate 2. Aspartate 3. GABA 4. Glycine.
17
Question
What is the cholinergic neurotransmitter?
Answer
Acetylcholine.
18
Question
What are the two types of neuropeptides?
Answer
1. Non-opioid type (Substance P, Somatostatin) 2. Opioid type (Endorphins, Enkephalins, Dynorphins).
19
Question
What is the effect of decreased acetylcholine?
Answer
Impaired memory, as seen in Alzheimer's disease.
20
Question
What is the effect of increased acetylcholine on Parkinsonian symptoms?
Answer
Increased acetylcholine exacerbates Parkinsonian symptoms.
21
Question
What is the effect of increased dopamine on schizophrenia?
Answer
Increased dopamine is associated with schizophrenia and psychosis.
22
Question
What is the effect of decreased dopamine and what condition is it associated with?
Answer
Decreased dopamine is associated with substance abuse and anhedonia as well as Parkinson's disease.
23
Question
What is the effect of increased norepinephrine (NE) on mental health?
Answer
Increased NE is associated with anxiety.
24
Question
What is the effect of decreased norepinephrine (NE) on mental health?
Answer
Decreased NE is associated with depression.
25
Question
What effect does decreased serotonin have on mental health?
Answer
Decreased serotonin is associated with depression, OCD, anxiety disorders, and schizophrenia.
26
Question
What is the effect of decreased GABA in mental health?
Answer
Decreased GABA is associated with anxiety disorders.
27
Question
What is the effect of increased glutamate on mental health?
Answer
Increased glutamate is associated with bipolar affective disorder and psychosis from ischemic neurotoxicity or excessive pruning.
28
Question
What is the effect of decreased glutamate on mental health?
Answer
Decreased glutamate is associated with memory and learning difficulties and negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
29
Question
What are the problems associated with decreased opioid neuropeptides?
Answer
Decreased opioid neuropeptides are associated with substance abuse.
30
Question
What are the functions of dopamine?
Answer
Dopamine functions in thinking, decision-making, reward-seeking behavior, and fine muscle action.