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Lecture 6
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Lecture 6
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What sounds are called liquids?
Rhotic r [ɹ], lateral l [l]
What sounds are called glides?
Palatal glide [j], labiovelar glide [w]
How many lateral phonemes does English have?
English has one lateral phoneme: the lateral approximant /l/, which in many accents has two allophones.
Give an example of a language that contrasts two lateral phonemes.
East Slavic languages (e.g. Russian) contrast [l] and [l̴] but do not have a plain [l].
List all the possible allophones of English /l/ and give examples of words in which these allophones occur (use IPA).
[l] – life – voiced, alveolar (“clear”) [laIf] [l̥] – play – devoiced, alveolar [pleɪ̥] [l̪] – health – voiced, dentalized [hɛl̪θ] [ɫ] – fail – voiced, velarized (“dark”) [feɪɫ] [ɫ̩] – final – velarized, syllabic [ˈfaɪnəl] [l̴] – help – voiced, vocalized, non-syllabic [hɛɫp]
List all the possible allophones of English /t/ and give examples of words in which these allophones occur (use IPA).
Aspirated [tʰ] eg: [tʰɛst] (test) Unreleased (unexploded) [t̚] eg: [stuː̚] (stew) Dentalized [t̪] eg: [eɪt̪θ] (eighth) Glottal stop [ʔ] eg: [ˈbʌʔn̩] (button) Voiced stop (tap) [ɾ] eg: [ˈdeɪɾə] (data)
How is the articulation of dark /l/ different from the articulation of clear /l?
clear [l] is pronounced with a "neutral" position of the body of the tongue. dark [ɫ] is pronounced with the tongue assuming a spoon-like shape, with its back part raised.
What is the distribution of dark /l/ in RP?
Clear [l]is pronounced in the onset of a syllable (before a vowel); Dark [ɫ] everywhere else.
How is the spectrogram of a dark l different from the spectrogram of a clear l?
The spectrogram of a dark /l/ shows characteristics of a velarized consonant, while the spectrogram of a clear /l/ shows characteristics of an alveolar consonant.
What is the distribution of dark /l/ in RP?
Clear [l] is pronounced in the onset of a syllable (before a vowel); Dark [\u028C] everywhere else.
How is the spectrogram of a dark l different from the spectrogram of a clear l?
Praktick\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka. :-(
What is secondary articulation?
Secondary articulation is involved in co-articulated consonants, with two articulations of different manner. The approximant-like secondary articulation is weaker than the primary, and colors it rather than obscuring it. Example: the voiceless labialized velar plosive [k\u02B8\u0079] has only a single stop articulation, velar [k], with a simultaneous [w]-like rounding of the lips, and is usually heard as a kind of [k].
English fricative [ \u028C ] has a secondary articulation. What is it?
The addition of lip rounding to an articulation: e.g. in English, "sh" [\u0289], as in "she".
In RP the lateral phoneme in words like feel or field is pronounced with a secondary articulatory gesture. Explain.
In both words, /l/ is velarized - the back of the tongue goes towards the velum. ("dark l")
" [\Y] as in "she"."
"help\
6. What is the distribution of dark /l/ in RP?
what is the distribution of dark /l/ in RP ? Clear [l] is pronounced in the onset of a syllable (before a vowel) ; Dark [ ɫ ] everywhere else.
How is the spectrogram of a dark l different from the spectrogram of a clear l?
Praktická otázka. :-(
What is secondary articulation?
Secondary articulation is involved in co-articulated consonants, with two articulations of different manner. The approximant-like secondary articulation is weaker than the primary, and colors it rather than obscuring it. Example: the voiceless labialized velar plosive [kʷ] has only a single stop articulation, velar [k], with a simultaneous [w]-like rounding of the lips, and is usually heard as a kind of [k].
English fricative [ ʃ ] has a secondary articulation. What is it?
The addition of lip rounding to an articulation: e.g. in English, "sh" [ʃ], as in "she".
In RP the lateral phoneme in words like feel or field is pronounced with a secondary articulatory gesture. Explain.
In both words, /l/ is velarized - the back of the tongue goes towards the velum. ("dark l")
What happened to the phoneme /l/ in the pronunciations [hso3p] “help” or [p¹ipo] “people”? Describe the articulation in prose.
/l/ becomes vocalized - sounds more like the vowel /o/. L-vocalization is a notable feature of some English dialects (e.g. London Cockney).
What is a rhotic liquid?
post-alveolar approximant; “upside down r” - [ɹ]
The sounds written with the letter “r” can be articulated in a number of ways. What different types of r-pronunciations occur in Received Pronunciation and General American English?
[ɹ] (alveolar approximant): Typical for RP. The front part of the tongue approaches the upper gum. [ ʊ ] (retroflex approximant): Characteristic for GA. The tongue-tip is curled back towards the roof of the mouth (‘retroflexion’). or ‘bunched r’ – Also frequent in GA. Whole body of the tongue is bunched upwards and backwards (towards the roof of the mouth and pharynx wall).
The rhotic phoneme has different phonetic realization in various English dialects. What are they?
Alveolar approximant: [ɹ] (RP) Retroflex approximant: [ ʊ ] (GA) Alveolar trill [r] (rolled r): Airstream interrupted by several taps. (Scottish E.) Tap (flap) [ɾ] Just one brief interruption of airflow. Many languages use taps as reduced variants of trills, especially in fast speech (but Spanish contrasts them: pero
What is a retroflex approximant?
It is a rhotic sound produced with the tongue tip curled back and approaching the alveolar ridge.
What is an alveolar trill?
It is a rhotic sound produced with an interrupted airstream by several taps of the tongue against the alveolar ridge.
What is a rolled r (trill) and where is it commonly found?
It consists of several alveolar flaps (brief interruptions of airflow) and is typical for Scottish English, often replaced by a flap in relaxed speech.
What is a tap (flap) and how is it different from a trill?
It involves just one brief interruption of airflow, unlike a trill which has several taps. Taps are used as reduced variants of trills in many languages, especially in fast speech.
What is a uvular trill (‘French r’) and how is it produced?
The back of the tongue approaches the uvula or the soft palate to produce a trilling sound. It is common in French and Northumberland English.
What is a bunched r and where is it common?
It is common in American English dialects, where the whole body of the tongue is bunched upwards and backwards towards the roof of the mouth and pharynx wall.
