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Lectures 4
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What are the three phases of stop consonant articulation?
1) Catch: The airway closes so that no air can escape through the mouth. With nasal stops, the air escapes through the nose. 2) Hold or occlusion: The airway stays closed, causing a pressure difference to build up. 3) Release or burst: The closure is opened. In the case of plosives, the released airflow produces a sudden impulse causing an audible sound
Which phase of stop articulation is often not realized in English?
The third phase – release (usually the first in a cluster of plosives is unreleased) e.g. “apt” [æp‘t]
What types of stop release are possible in English? Name four.
1) Aspirated release e.g. “test” [t¹] 2) Nasal release e.g. “hidden” [dn]* 3) Lateral release e.g. “middle” [d¹]* 4) Affricated release e.g. “tree” [tF]* *an IPA diacritic symbol for the phenomenon, standardly not used in transcription of English sounds
What is a nasal release (nasal plosion)? Give an example of a word in which a stop can have a nasal release (write it down in normal spelling and in IPA).
Nasal release is a release of a plosive consonant into a nasal stop. e.g. in “hidden” /'hidn./ Articulated with the tongue coming up and contacting the alveolar ridge for /d/ and staying there for the nasal. The air pressure built up behind the stop closure is then released through the nose by lowering the soft palate (the velum) for the consonant. It occurs when a voiced stop is followed by a nasal in the same word.
What does it mean to say that two consonants are homorganic?
They have the same place of articulation (such as alveolar [n, t, d, s, z, l] in English)
What is lateral release? Give an example of a word in which a stop can have a lateral release (write it down in normal spelling and in IPA).
Lateral release is a
Lateral release in normal spelling
Lateral release is a release of an alveolar plosive into the lateral approximant /l/. For example, in the word "middle" /'mIdl/.
Lateral release in IPA
Lateral release is represented as a release of an alveolar plosive into the lateral approximant /l/. For example, in the word "middle" /'mIdl/.
Description of lateral release
Lateral release involves the tongue touching the alveolar ridge for the stop, and the air pressure built up during the stop is released by lowering the sides of the tongue to produce /l/.
Conditions for lateral release
Lateral release takes place when an alveolar stop /t/ or /d/ occurs before a (homorganic) lateral /l/, which after lateral release becomes syllabic.
Function of lateral release
The lateral assumes a syllabic function when a stop has a lateral release after the release of an alveolar plosive into the lateral approximant /l/.
Glottalization rule in English
Voiceless stops /p, t, k/ are in some positions pronounced as glottalized, reinforced by a glottal stop; i.e. /p/ > [tp]. This rule applies in many accents of English, especially in syllable-final positions.
Examples of glottalization in English
Examples of glottalization in English include the pronunciation of "tip" as [tIfp], "pit" as [pIft], and "kick" as [kIfk] in many accents.
Replacement of /t/ by glottal stop in English
/t/ is replaced by a glottal stop when it occurs before an alveolar nasal in the same word. For example, "button" is pronounced as [bnfn] in some dialects of English.
Use of glottal stop in Czech and English
In Czech, [f] is frequently used to reinforce the initial vowel, e.g. "okno" /fokno/. In English, it can be used for emphasis, e.g. "come on" /k¹nm fan/, and in careful speech, e.g. "reaction" /cIfækf&n/.
Difference in voiceless stops between Czech and English
Czech voiceless stops are always released, while English voiceless stops may lack the release phase and are transcribed with ' if so.
Typicality of unreleased stops
Unreleased stops are more typical for English.
Meaning of ' in narrow transcription
The symbol ' represents no audible release or an unexploded stop in narrow transcription.
Meaning of . in narrow transcription
The symbol . represents syllabization and is placed under a syllabic consonant in narrow transcription.
Are unreleased stops more typical for Czech or for English?
Unreleased stops are more typical for English.
What does the symbol \' stand for in the narrow transcription?
No audible release (unexploded)
What does the symbol . stand for in the narrow transcription?
Syllabization (it is placed under a syllabic consonant)
What does the symbol t stand for in the narrow transcription?
Glottal stop
The final stop in words such as that can be pronounced as a plain released stop, a preglottalized released stop, a preglottalized unreleased stop, or as a glottal stop. Which of the four alternatives is least native-like? Transcribe all four versions of the word (narrow transcription).
Least native-like is [ðæ1t‘], other versions: [ðæt], [ðæ1t], [ðæ1]
What does the term \
/bæd/
How is the vowel in words like bat/bad or pick/pig affected by the following consonant?
The vowels preceding a voiceless stop /t, k/ are shorter.
What is a flap? How is it different from an alveolar stop?
A flap (tap) [r] is only a very brief interruption of the airflow, with no pressure built up and therefore no burst, unlike /t , d/.
