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Hypothyroidism
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What is a byproduct of metabolism and cellular respiration?
Heat is a byproduct of metabolism and cellular respiration, along with CO2 and water.
Which area of the central nervous system is the master endocrine regulator?
Hypothalamus
What is the function of osteoclasts?
Pull calcium from the bone (Bone resorption)
What does TPO do once it is activated?
TPO takes iodine and thyroglobulin and combines them together.
Why is the increased expression of sodium potassium ATPase important?
It is important because it pumps three sodium ions out of the cell and pumps two potassium ions into the cell, utilizing a lot of ATP, which affects ATP levels in the cell.
What does TSH bind to in the thyroid gland at the microscopic level?
Thyroid follicular cells
What is the enzyme stimulated by TSH and what does it do?
The enzyme stimulated by TSH is thyroid peroxidase (TPO), which converts iodide into iodine and combines iodine with thyroglobulin.
What happens to T4 once it reaches tissue cells?
T4 passes across the cell membrane and undergoes certain enzymatic processes inside the cell.
What is the biggest effect of thyroid hormone on metabolic pathways?
Thyroid hormone enhances the activities of metabolic pathways, increasing the body's metabolic activities and generating more body heat.
What processes increase metabolic activities in the cell?
Glycogenolysis, glycolysis, and breakdown of lipids.
What is the protein synthesized by thyroid follicular cells in response to TSH binding?
The protein synthesized in response to TSH binding is called thyroglobulin.
How many iodines are added to thyroxine (T4)?
Four iodines are added to thyroxine (T4).
What does T3 do once it enters the cell?
T3 acts on particular genes within the cells and increases the expression of proteins.
Staphylococcus Characteristics
Coagulase positive, Staph aureus, Novobiocin resistant, S. epidermidis, S. saprophyticus
Staphylococcus Medium
Catalase positive, Optochin sensitive, Resistant to Bacitracin
What hormone does the hypothalamus release?
Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
What is the most abundant thyroid hormone circulating through the blood?
T4 is the most abundant thyroid hormone, comprising about 90% of what is produced from the thyroid follicular cells.
How does the body generate more ATP when there are a lot of sodium potassium pumps?
The body generates more ATP by breaking down molecules such as glycogen, glucose, lipids, and using metabolic pathways like glycogenolysis and glycolysis.
What balance does thyroid hormone help maintain within the bones?
Thyroid hormone helps maintain a balance between osteoblasts and osteoclasts, ensuring bone deposition and calcium balance.
What happens to the iodinated thyroglobulin once it is taken back into the follicular cells?
It is broken down by enzymes called proteases, which release thyroid hormone in the form of T3 and T4.
Streptococcus Characteristics
S. pneumoniae, S. viridans, S. agalactiae, Group A, Group B
What does TSH, Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone, do when it binds to the TSH receptor on thyroid follicular cells?
TSH sends intracellular signals to the nucleus, activates genes for thyroglobulin synthesis, and increases the expression of a particular gene.
What is the most important protein produced by T3?
Sodium potassium ATPase or sodium potassium pumps.
What is the basic effect of thyroid hormone on beta 1 adrenergic receptors?
Thyroid hormone increases the sensitivity of beta 1 adrenergic receptors, leading to increased heart rate, contractility, and stroke volume.
What are the byproducts of metabolism through cellular respiration?
CO2, water, and heat.
Where does TRH circulate through after being released by the hypothalamus?
Hypophyseal portal system
How many iodines are added to tyrosine amino acids to form T3?
Three iodines are added to tyrosine amino acids to form T3.
Where does TSH act after circulating through the blood?
Acts on the thyroid gland, particularly on the follicular cells
Enterococci
Growth in 6.5% NaCl solution, S. bovis (S. gallolyticus)
What do iodide transporters on the follicular cell surface do?
Iodide transporters bring iodide into the follicular cells via sodium iodide symporters, allowing iodine to be pumped into the central portion of the follicle.
