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PSYC1202
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PSYC1202
Week 1
Study
1
Question
Analysis
Answer
The process of reviewing data and looking for trends.
2
Question
BCBA
Answer
Board Certified Behaviour Analyst.
3
Question
RBT
Answer
Registered Behaviour Technician.
4
Question
BIP/BSP
Answer
Behaviour Intervention Support Plan: Individual plan to target specific behavioral challenges and increase or decrease behavior.
5
Question
Data
Answer
A permanent written or video/audio record of observations.
6
Question
FBA
Answer
Functional Behavioural Assessment: The process of identifying a person's motivation for using a particular behavior.
7
Question
PSYC 2201
Answer
The Interventions II Behaviour Reduction class.
8
Question
Target Behaviour
Answer
The behavior that is observed and measured, and that you want to increase or decrease.
9
Question
Task Analysis
Answer
Breaking down a complicated task into discrete, individually separate, and distinct easily observed steps.
10
Question
Visual Analysis
Answer
A graph or table/chart that allows the quick and easy visualization of data and identification of any trends or patterns of behavior.
11
Question
Reasons to Collect Data
Answer
1. Establish baseline for progress monitoring. 2. Assess appropriate intervention. 3. Document progress of a specific skill being taught.
12
Question
Places for Data Collection
Answer
Data can be collected anywhere and anyplace where the behavior targeted for change might occur.
13
Question
Basic Steps of Data Collection
Answer
1. Compare baseline to treatment; has there been improvement? 2. If improvement is not evident, make a decision about next steps. 3. Continue taking data.
14
Question
Type of Data
Answer
Figure out the type of data you need to answer your question.
15
Question
Design Data Sheets
Answer
Create data sheets that will give you the information you need.
16
Question
Collection of Data
Answer
Determine when, by whom, how, and where the data will be collected.
17
Question
Target Behavior Definition
Answer
Select a target behavior and operationally define the behaviors.
18
Question
Formulate Questions
Answer
Formulate the question you want to be answered.
19
Question
Data Collection Training
Answer
Train everyone who will be involved in collecting the data.
20
Question
Baseline Data
Answer
Take baseline data so that you can compare.
21
Question
Operationally Define the Behavior
Answer
Operationally defining the behavior involves clearly and specifically defining the target behavior in observable and measurable terms. This ensures that everyone involved in data collection understands exactly what behavior they should be observing and recording.
22
Question
Formulate the Question You Want Answered
Answer
Formulating the question involves clearly defining the purpose of the behavior observation. This helps in determining what specific information is needed and how the data will be utilized.
23
Question
Training for Data Collection
Answer
Training everyone involved in data collection ensures that they understand the data collection methods, the defined behavior, and the purpose of the observation. This helps in obtaining accurate and consistent data.
24
Question
Baseline Data Collection
Answer
Collecting baseline data allows for comparison between the pre-treatment (baseline) phase and the treatment phase. It provides a reference point for evaluating the effectiveness of the treatment.
25
Question
Use of Visuals (Graphs)
Answer
Using visuals such as graphs helps in summarizing raw data, identifying trends, and comparing baseline data to intervention data. This visual representation makes it easier to analyze and communicate the data effectively.
26
Question
Method: Continuous Data Collection
Answer
The data collection process is continuous, meaning that data is collected consistently over time to capture patterns and changes in the behavior. This allows for a thorough understanding of the behavior.
27
Question
Observer Method
Answer
In close proximity to the person using the behavior or via video observation, the observer records each instance of the behavior on a data sheet. This method is objective and is the preferred method in ABA.
28
Question
Interviews, Rating Scales, Anecdotal Reports
Answer
These methods involve subjective data collection and rely on people's memory and observations. They may not be as accurate as the observer method and could result in incomplete information.
29
Question
Behavior Technician, Child's Parents
Answer
The behavior technician may observe the child's behavior, and the parents may also be involved in the data collection process. It's important for all involved parties to be trained and aligned in the behavior recording methods.
Week 2
Study
1
Question
Baseline data
Answer
The initial quantifiable information gathered about a student's academic and/or behavioral performance. Baseline data are gathered so that comparisons can be made after interventions are implemented.
2
Question
Generalization
Answer
The movement of a specific skill learned in one environment to a more broadly-based, naturally occurring environment.
3
Question
Neutral observer
Answer
A person who observes a student but has no preconceived opinions that would slant the observation.
4
Question
Observation
Answer
A time period when the behavior of a student is watched in order to gather information about his or her performance.
5
Question
Operationally defined
Answer
A skill or behavior is stated in terms that can be observed so that everyone involved understands what to look for during an observation.
6
Question
Progress monitoring
Answer
A data-based objective approach to examining the effectiveness of interventions. It is an ongoing system of measuring student progress.
7
Question
Replacement behavior
Answer
A desired behavior that is more appropriate than the behavior the student is currently exhibiting but serves the same function for the student.
8
Question
Importance of operationalizing behaviors
Answer
It is important to make sure that everyone is measuring the same behavior; otherwise, the data is not very useful or accurate.
9
Question
Dead Man Test (DMT)
Answer
If a dead man can do it, it ain't behavior, and if a dead man can't do it, it is behavior. (Ogden R. Lindsley, 1991)
10
Question
Example of behavior: Myra will select from a variety of foods that are high in nutrients and low in sugars (operational definition)
Answer
Yes, this definition passes the Dead Man Test as it describes an observable action that a person can do.
11
Question
Example of behavior: Myra will not eat ice cream or candy for breakfast (operational definition)
Answer
No, this definition does not pass the Dead Man Test as it describes an absence of action which cannot be observed.
12
Question
Myra's Breakfast Food Restrictions
Answer
Myra and her support staff do not allow ice cream or candy for breakfast.
13
Question
Dead Man Test
Answer
If the behavior described in the definition includes the word 'NOT,' it would not likely pass the Dead Man Test.
14
Question
Self-Injurious Behavior
Answer
Any instance in which Liam engages in hitting self, pinching self, banging head on surface, slapping self, or biting self with sufficient force to make a sound and/or leave a mark.
15
Question
Self-Injurious Behavior - Examples
Answer
Banging the front or back of his head on a hard surface; Hitting his head with his hands; Pinching his legs, arms, or cheeks between his thumb and forefinger; Biting his hand, arm, or leg by placing teeth on skin and compressing with sufficient force to leave a mark.
16
Question
Self-Injurious Behavior - Non-Examples
Answer
Bumping his head on the ground when flopping to the floor; Banging his open hand on a table or hard surface.
17
Question
Operational Definitions: 3 Key Components
Answer
1. Identification of the behavior to be observed; 2. Description of how the behavior will be measured; 3. The criteria that will be used to evaluate the behavior.
Week 3
Study
1
Question
Measurement Dimensions of behavior: 7
Answer
Frequency, Rate, Ratio of time, Duration, Interval, Opportunities, Latency
2
Question
Decide which system to choose
Answer
1. Dimensions of behavior analysis: Anecdotal (after the fact), Permanent product (during the behavior), Observational recording 2. Ease of recording: The more complex the data collection method, the less accurate it tends to be
3
Question
Anecdotal Reports
Answer
Complete description used for analysis, include who, what, where, and when; record FACTS not interpretations
4
Question
Permanent Product
Answer
Easiest after behavior occurs; do not have to witness outcome; durable including audio/video; not all behavior is tangible
5
Question
Observational Recording Systems
Answer
Event recording, Interval Recording, Time sampling, Duration Recording, Latency Recording, Frequency recording
6
Question
Event Recording
Answer
Most frequently used; number of times behavior occurs; discrete behaviors; not good for continuous/rapid choice; desire to increase or decrease; controlled trial presentations
7
Question
Interval Recording
Answer
Behavior occurs in intervals; proportion of time; count intervals method; define intervals; good for continuous/high frequency; partial vs whole; shorter interval = greater accuracy; miss behavior when mark
8
Question
Duration Recording
Answer
Length of time behavior lasts; discrete behavior; average duration; average length; total duration; discontinuous total
9
Question
Latency
Answer
Length of time from request to behavior
Week 4
Study
1
Question
Causal link
Answer
A link that is found to exist between the antecedent and the behavior (Cooper, Heron, Heward, 2007)
2
Question
Control group
Answer
A group or variable that remains constant and is not intervened with so it can be used for comparison purposes
3
Question
Correlation
Answer
A connection or relationship
4
Question
Dependent variable
Answer
The variable that changes due to implementation of an intervention (e.g., reading scores are dependent variables because they will possibly change with the implementation of a different teaching method)
5
Question
Independent variable
Answer
The variable that is manipulated or tested in a study (e.g., a teaching method or intervention is an independent variable because it is being tested for its success in changing reading scores)
6
Question
Raw data
Answer
Data that have been collected but not yet put into a graphical format and analyzed
7
Question
Trendline
Answer
Line within a graphical depiction of data that indicates the course of the data. It can be increasing (moving up), decreasing (moving down), or zero (flat)
8
Question
Variability
Answer
The spread of the data from data point to data point
9
Question
Research Methods in Applied Behaviour Analysis
Answer
Primary method is the SINGLE SUBJECT DESIGN. Uses QUANTITATIVE measures rather than QUALITATIVE measures. ABA relies primarily on visual inspection of data, which may be supplemented with statistical analysis. Single subject designs are sensitive to individual organisms' differences, where group studies are sensitive to the averages of the groups. There is a strong emphasis on replicating studies, where other researchers will conduct the research again with different participants but using the same methods. This strengthens the body of research in a particular area (Aryal, S. 2021, March 15)
10
Question
Quantitative vs Qualitative Data
Answer
Definition: 13 Differences & Examples. Microbe Notes. Quantitative data is numerical and can be measured and compared on a scale, while qualitative data is descriptive and conceptual. ABA relies on quantitative measures rather than qualitative measures.
11
Question
ABA Journals
Answer
What is a Journal published periodically through the year, features academic articles related to the study and work of ABA. Includes research reports, commentaries, and research papers. Peer Review: research papers are peer reviewed, meaning that they have been validated, that they haven't been made, are going to cause harm, and have not been plagiarized. Experts in the field decide as a group whether to publish or reject the commentary or research paper.
12
Question
A B A B Design
Answer
Percentage of trials containing vocal approximations during no positive reinforcement of vocalization (baseline, see Panel A) and positive reinforcement of vocalization (see Panel B) using an ABAB design. Voc: vocal, PR: positive reinforcement
13
Question
What is the research design used in this study?
Answer
ABAB design (A-B-A-B)
14
Question
What does each panel represent in the study?
Answer
Panel A represents the baseline and Panel B represents the positive reinforcement of vocalization treatment.
15
Question
What is the purpose of the ABAB design in this study?
Answer
The purpose is to analyze changes in the dependent variable (vocal approximations) during both baseline and treatment conditions.
16
Question
What is the independent variable in this study?
Answer
Telehealth mask training procedure.
17
Question
What is the dependent variable in this study?
Answer
Minutes of mask wearing.
18
Question
How many children were involved in the study?
Answer
3 children.
19
Question
What type of training was provided to the children in the study?
Answer
Telehealth mask wearing training.
20
Question
What journal published this research paper?
Answer
Education and Training in Developmental Disabilities.
21
Question
What is the source of the research paper?
Answer
Tincani, Crozier, and Alazetta, 2006.
22
Question
What is the purpose of the study?
Answer
To investigate the effects of the Picture Exchange Communication System on manding and speech development for school-aged children with autism.
Week 9
Study
1
Question
What is Interval Recording or Time Sampling?
Answer
Involves observing whether a behavior occurs or does not occur during specified time periods. The time is broken down into smaller intervals, and a watch, stopwatch, or other device is used to keep track of intervals. The observer calculates the percentage of intervals in which the behavior occurred.
2
Question
Advantages of Interval Recording or Time Sampling
Answer
Useful for high rate behaviors that are difficult to count. Useful for behaviors with no clear beginning or end. Observations can be brief (e.g., 10 mins) or extend for longer periods of time. Translates to a percentage that can be easily plotted on a graph to visually inspect changes in the behaviors.
3
Question
Disadvantages of Interval Recording or Time Sampling
Answer
Only provides an estimate of the behaviors. Provides a sample that may not be representative. Usually requires an outside observer's undivided attention. Requires a time-keeping device.
4
Question
What are the 3 Types of Interval Recording?
Answer
1. Momentary Time Sampling 2. Whole Interval Recording 3. Partial Interval Recording
5
Question
Momentary Time Sampling Instructions
Answer
Mark if the behavior is exhibited at the precise moment that the interval ends. Easiest to collect data on multiple behaviors. May take peer data at the same time for comparison.
6
Question
Advantages of Momentary Time Sampling
Answer
Easiest to collect data on multiple behaviors. May take peer data at the same time for comparison.
7
Question
Disadvantages of Momentary Time Sampling
Answer
May underestimate behaviors.
8
Question
When to Use Momentary Time Sampling
Answer
When behaviors are very frequent and last for longer periods of time.
9
Question
Whole Interval Recording Instructions
Answer
When interval ends, mark if behavior exhibited for the entire interval. Underestimates behaviors. Requires undivided attention.
10
Question
Disadvantages of Whole Interval Recording
Answer
Underestimates behaviors. Requires undivided attention.
11
Question
When to Use Whole Interval Recording
Answer
For ongoing behaviors that will continue across intervals.
12
Question
Partial Interval Recording Instructions
Answer
Mark if behavior exhibited at any time during the interval. May overestimate behaviors. Requires undivided attention.
13
Question
Disadvantages of Partial Interval Recording
Answer
May overestimate behaviors. Requires undivided attention.
14
Question
When to Use Partial Interval Recording
Answer
When the behavior happens so quickly it's hard to catch.
Week 11
Study
1
Question
Why take data?
Answer
To quantify progress, establish a baseline for progress monitoring, document progress, document challenges, determine mastery of specific goals, assess the appropriateness of an intervention, determine the most appropriate materials or teaching techniques designed to meet specific needs of the learner.
2
Question
Measurement materials align with school curriculum
Answer
Measurement is frequent, assessment is used to make decisions about teaching strategies and goals. The Ontario Curriculum example: Ontario Math Curriculum Grades 1 to 8.
3
Question
Curriculum-Based Assessment and Students with Special Needs
Answer
Direct observation and recording of a student's performance in the local curriculum as a basis for gathering information to make instructional decisions.
4
Question
Response to Intervention (RTI)
Answer
A structured multi-tiered approach and multi-tiered system of supports. Learning for All: A Guide to Effective Assessment and Instruction for All Students Kindergarten to Grade 12 (2013).
5
Question
Rubric Data
Answer
Rubrics use both quantitative and qualitative data. Quantitative data are based on a numerical format, easily quantifiable, easy to graph. Qualitative data are narrative evaluations or descriptions of a product or end result, not easily quantifiable, and don't usually use numbers or graphs.
6
Question
Task Analysis Data
Answer
Used for multi-step problems or tasks and functional skills. Analyze the main skill and break it down into discrete steps. Data is collected on the progress made on each discrete step.
7
Question
Task Analysis Data
Answer
Data obtained from breaking a complex skill into smaller steps for teaching and assessment purposes.
8
Question
First Trial Data
Answer
Also known as Cold Probe Data, it is a single trial of a skill that has not been directly taught to determine if the person has generalized the skill.
9
Question
Probe Data
Answer
Data obtained by presenting a stimulus cue without any instruction to determine mastery of a skill.
10
Question
Prompt Level Data
Answer
Data obtained based on the level of prompts provided by the teacher, ranging from most to least intrusive, such as Verbal, Gestural, Model, Partial Physical, and Full Physical prompts.
11
Question
Stimulus Prompts
Answer
Cues embedded in the material to help the learner make correct responses, used in a hierarchy from least to most intrusive.
12
Question
CBA
Answer
Curriculum-Based Assessment: The observation and collection of data on a student's academic abilities using everyday curriculum content to make instructional decisions.
13
Question
DTT
Answer
Discrete Trial Training: The procedure of breaking down a skill into smaller steps and teaching each step to mastery based on data before moving to the next step.
14
Question
Prompt
Answer
A cue used to encourage a response, such as a gestural prompt or a modeling prompt.
15
Question
Rubric
Answer
A structured set of guidelines used for consistent evaluation of student behavior.
16
Question
Qualitative Data
Answer
Data presented as a narrative description of a behavior.
17
Question
Quantitative Data
Answer
Data presented as a number or count, providing measurable information.
18
Question
Instructional Decision
Answer
Decisions made based on collected data from assessments and observations to guide the teaching and learning process.
19
Question
Generalization
Answer
The application of a learned skill to different settings, materials, or situations beyond those in which the skill was initially taught.
20
Question
Mastery
Answer
The level of proficiency and skill acquisition demonstrating complete understanding and capability in a given task or skill.
21
Question
Intrusiveness
Answer
The level of interference or assistance provided in a prompt, ranging from least to most intrusive prompts.
22
Question
Errorless Learning
Answer
A prompt hierarchy technique using most-to-least prompts to support learners in making correct responses without practicing errors.
23
Question
Rubric
Answer
A structured set of guidelines to ensure the consistent evaluation of student behavior
24
Question
Qualitative data
Answer
Data that are typically presented as a narrative description of a behavior
25
Question
Quantitative data
Answer
Data that are typically presented as a number or count
26
Question
Task analysis
Answer
A method that breaks a complex task down into consecutive steps and allows for more discrete data collection
Week 13
Study
1
Question
ISP
Answer
Individualized Service Plan
2
Question
IEP
Answer
Individualized Education Plan
3
Question
BSP
Answer
Behavior Support Plan
4
Question
GOALS
Answer
INDIVIDUALIZED usually annual or biannual statements developed by the team Describes what the person will learn with supports can be academic behavioral or functional measurable include benchmarks for mastery and specifies time frame for monitoring progress ie 1 year
5
Question
OBJECTIVES
Answer
Specific discrete steps to achieving the goal element
6
Question
Example
Answer
Non example Target behaviour: Sharing a toy with peer Example: Operational definition - Sharing a toy with a peer includes picking up the toy and moving one's body close to the peer and placing the toy into the other peer's hands or placing it on the floor or table within twelve inches of the peer Non example: Wanting to share a toy with a peer includes seeing that a peer would like to play with the toy, wanting to share, and giving the toy to the peer
7
Question
Behavioural measures
Answer
Frequency count will be used to record how many times Jack shares a toy with a peer. The number of times that the toy is shared will be recorded.
8
Question
Behavioural objectives
Answer
During free play at daycare in the block area, condition: Jack (learner) will share three toys (target behavior) with at least one peer four out of five days.
9
Question
Criterion for Acceptable Performance
Answer
Whenever the opportunity arises, condition: Jack (learner) will share all his toys (target behavior) on most days (CAP)