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What is the process of creating new strands of DNA with base sequences identical to existing strands called?
DNA replication
Radioactive Sulfur 35S
Viruses were labeled with radioactive sulfur, and newly produced viral proteins incorporated the radioactive sulfur.
How many possibilities are there for a sequence of three DNA bases?
4^3 (64) possibilities.
Describe the directionality of nucleotide addition in DNA replication.
In DNA replication, nucleotides are always added to the 3' end of the growing polymer of nucleotides. This occurs as the 5' phosphate of the free nucleotide is linked to the deoxyribose sugar at the 3' end of the growing polymer, resulting in a 5' to 3' direction of DNA synthesis.
How many strands does RNA have?
One strand
Semi-conservative replication
A type of DNA replication where each original DNA molecule is changed into two identical DNA molecules, each with one strand from the original molecule and one new strand.
What creates a strong sugar phosphate backbone in DNA and RNA molecules?
A series of alternating sugar and phosphate groups with a chain of carbon, oxygen, and phosphorus atoms covalently bonded together.
What are the bases in DNA and RNA?
DNA: Thymine, RNA: Uracil
Explain the difference between DNA and RNA in terms of their sugar component.
The sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, while the sugar in RNA is ribose. Ribose has an oxygen and a hydrogen at position two, whereas deoxyribose has only a hydrogen at position two.
Codons
Groups of three bases in DNA or RNA that have meanings in the genetic code, of which there are 64 different codons.
What forms the basis of a code in each nucleic acid (DNA and RNA)?
Bases
DNA replication
The process where the two strands of the double helix separate and each serves as a template for the creation of a new strand. This process involves complementary base pairing to ensure the exact same base sequence is preserved.
How many different bases do DNA and RNA have?
Both DNA and RNA have four different bases.
Pentose sugar ribose
Distinguishable by the oxygen attached to 2 carbon.
How are nucleotides linked together into a chain or polymer?
Covalent bonds are formed between the phosphate of one nucleotide and the pentose sugar of the next nucleotide.
Genetic information
Consists of sections of DNA called genes. Each gene contains information needed for a particular purpose. When the information in a gene has an effect on the cell, it is called gene expression.
What is the relationship between RNA molecules and the amino acid sequence of a protein?
The sequence of RNA molecules is translated into the amino acid sequence of a protein.
Conservation of the genetic code
The genetic code is conserved across all life forms, providing evidence of universal common ancestry.
Where is the base linked in the pentose sugar?
C1
Explain the directionality of the assembly of an RNA strand during transcription.
During transcription, only one of the two strands of DNA is used as a template for making an RNA transcript. The assembly of the RNA strand occurs in the same direction as the overall process of transcription.
How does the structure of DNA facilitate accurate replication?
DNA structure is dependent on complementary base pairings (A-T, C-G), and this complementary pairing guides accurate replication because the bases always pair up with each other in a consistent way.
How is genetic information stored in DNA?
In the base sequence of one of the two strands of a DNA molecule.
Role of complementary base pairing
In DNA, certain bases can only pair with each other: Guanine with Cytosine and Adenine with Thymine. This allows exact replication of genetic information.
Radioactive Phosphorus 32P
Viruses were labeled with radioactive phosphorus, and newly synthesized viral DNA incorporated the radioactive phosphorus.
What role does DNA play in protein synthesis?
DNA contains the genetic information needed to produce proteins, and it is used as a template to transcribe RNA, which then serves as a template for protein synthesis.
What are the five carbon atoms in the pentose sugar numbered with?
What is genetic material, and why is DNA considered as the genetic material of all living organisms?
Genetic material is a store of information that is inherited and passed from cell to cell and parent to offspring. All living organisms use DNA to store hereditary information.
Centrifugation
Infected bacterial cells were subjected to centrifugation to separate viral protein coats from the bacterial cells and their contents.
What is the role of complementary base pairings in DNA structure?
Complementary base pairing guides accurate replication because it allows the bases to always pair up with each other in a consistent way, ensuring accurate replication.
Why do DNA strands run in opposite directions and are said to be antiparallel?
To allow the bases to form hydrogen bonds with each other
