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ELE124 UNIT 8 Flashcards
Study
L1 Acquisition
Process during early childhood by which children acquire their native language.
Krashen (1982)
Views L1 and L2 acquisition as two different phenomena with L1 being acquired subconsciously and L2 being learned consciously.
L2 Acquisition
Process of learning a second or foreign language after L1 has taken place.
Critical Period Hypothesis
Claims that there is a biological timetable for language acquisition, and passing the critical period (age 2-12) makes it more difficult to acquire a language.
Neurological Considerations
Explains the difference between L1 and L2 acquisition through lateralization in the brain.
Lateralization
The brain assigns certain structures and functions to certain hemispheres, with language and analytical operations generally occurring in the left hemisphere.
What is lateralization in the brain?
The process where certain structures and functions are assigned to specific hemispheres of the brain, such as language, logical, and analytical operations in the left hemisphere, and recognition of emotions and faces in the right hemisphere.
How does lateralization relate to second language acquisition according to Thomas Scovel?
Scovel suggests that the plasticity of the brain before puberty enables first and second language acquisition to take place easily, but after puberty, the brain loses its plasticity and lateralization makes it difficult to acquire fluent control of a second language or native-like pronunciation.
What are the functions assigned to the left and right hemispheres of the brain in terms of lateralization?
Intellectual, logical, and analytic functions are largely located in the left hemisphere, while the right hemisphere controls functions related to emotional and social needs.
What is the critical period hypothesis in language acquisition?
The belief that there is a period in childhood (up until puberty) when the human brain is most ready to learn a particular language, and if a child does not acquire language during this period, they will have difficulty learning language later on.
How does brain lateralization relate to the critical period hypothesis?
Some functions, such as language, are assigned to the left side of the brain during lateralization, and based on brain research, the neurological capacity for understanding and producing language involves both hemispheres of the brain.
Plasticity of the Brain
The brain's ability to change and reorganize itself by forming new connections between brain cells, especially during childhood and adolescence.
Brain Lateralization
Term used to describe the neurological functions that take place in each of the brain's two hemispheres, where certain functions are assigned to the left hemisphere (intellectual, logical, and analytic functions) and certain other functions to the right hemisphere (emotional and social needs).
Language Lateralization
Control of language functions mainly in the left hemisphere of the brain, although there is conflicting evidence regarding this.
Critical Period Hypothesis
The idea that there is a specific period in early development during which an individual is most receptive to acquiring a particular skill or knowledge.
Second Language Acquisition (SLA)
The process of learning a second language after the first language is already established, with some suggesting that the plasticity of the brain prior to puberty enables children to acquire not only their first language but also a second language.
Child Second Language Acquisition
Belief that children have an easier time acquiring a second language due to the plasticity of the brain before puberty, in contrast to the difficulty faced by adults in acquiring a second language fluently.
Neurological Plasticity
The brain's ability to relocalize functions to one hemisphere of the brain following injury, allowing for relearning of language and other functions.
Speech Muscles Development
The gradual development and flexibility of speech muscles from birth until after the age of 5, and continues until puberty.
Neurological research and age
Research supports the assertion that language fluency is aided by the flexibility of children's speech muscles, which declines in adults.
Neufeld's studies
Neufeld's studies suggest that older students can still approximate native-speaker accents in a second language, indicating that adults have not lost sensitivity to subtle differences in sounds.
Affective domain in language learning
The affective domain includes factors such as empathy, self-esteem, extroversion, inhibition, imitation, anxiety, and attitude, all of which can impact second language learning.
Egocentricity
Children in their early years are utterly egocentric. They perceive that everything revolves around them and see all events as focusing on themselves.
Egocentricity
Children in their early years are highly egocentric, perceiving that everything revolves around them and seeing all events as focusing on themselves.
Self-awareness
As children become older, they become more self-aware and self-conscious as they try to define and comprehend who they are as people.
