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Physio 1
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Physio 1
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What is physiology?
- the study of biological function, from molecular mechanisms within cells to the actions of tissues, organs, and systems-and how the organism as a whole accomplishes particular tasks essential for life.
What is human physiology?
Human physiology is the study of how the human body functions, with emphasis on specific cause and effect mechanisms. We obtain this kind of knowledge by the scientific method.
Negative Feedback Loops
-In order for homeostasis to be maintained, changes in the body must stimulate sensors that can send information to an integrating center. This allows the integrating center to detect changes from a set point. The integrating center receives messages from the sensors and relays them to effectors. Integrating center is usually the brain or spinal cord
Set Point
A set level in the human body which includes temperature, blood glucose concentration, and so on.
Homeostasis
A state of relative constancy of the internal environment or a state of dynamic constancy. When a particular measurement of the internal environment, such as a blood measurement, deviates significantly from the normal range of values, it can be concluded that homeostasis is not being maintained and that the person is sick. Maintained by feedback control systems, positive or negative feedback loop.
Effectors
Usually the muscles or glands.
What is a negative feedback loop?
A type of control system in which the activity of effectors is influenced by the effects they produce, and the regulation is in a negative or reverse direction.
What are antagonistic effectors?
Effectors that are either increased or decreased and cannot be turned off or on, as they are always in activity. so the increasing effect of one is accompanied by the decreasing effect of another
Positive feedback loop
action of the effectors amplifies the effects that stimulate them for example : childbirth amplifies the contractions to push the baby out
How are the nervous and endocrine systems related?
The endocrine system functions closely with the nervous system in regulating and integrating body processes and maintaining homeostasis. The nervous system controls the secretion of many endocrine glands, and some hormones in turn affect the function of the nervous system
Give an example of a negative feedback loop in the human body/ antagonist effector
Stimulation of one group of nerve fibers increases heart rate, while stimulation of another group decreases heart rate.
How is the endocrine system regulated?
by the secretion of chemical regulators called hormones into the blood. Hormones are secreted in response to specific chemical stimuli and nerve stimuli, as well as other hormones. Only specific organs can respond to a particular hormone; these are known as the target organs of that hormone.
How is the nervous system regulate the nerve fibers?
Nerve fibers innervate the organs they regulate and produce electrochemical nerve impulses when stimulated.
What are target organs in the nervous system?
Target organs can be muscles or glands that function as effectors in the maintenance of homeostasis.
What is a cell?
Cells are the basic units of structure and function in the body, and cells with similar functions are grouped into categories called tissues.
What are the four main primary tissues of the body?
Muscle, Nervous, Epithelial, Connective
How are these four primary tissues grouped into anatomical and functional units?
They are grouped into organs
What is the coordinated function of the systems of the body?
To maintain the entire organism
What are organs grouped together by common functions called?
They are called systems
What is muscle tissue?
Muscle tissue is specialized for contraction. There are three types of muscle tissue: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth. Skeletal muscle is often called voluntary muscle because its contraction is consciously controlled. Both skeletal and cardiac muscles are striated; they have striations or stripes that extend across the width.
What is skeletal tissue?
Skeletal muscles are generally attached to bones at both ends by means of tendons. Hence, contraction produces movements of the skeleton. Exceptions of skeletal tissue that don't cause movements of the skeleton: the tongue, superior portion of the esophagus, anal sphincter, and diaphragm.
Cardiac Muscle
Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart, where the myocardial cells are short, branched, and intimately interconnected to form a continuous fabric. Intercalated discs are a characteristic of heart muscle. The intercalated discs couple myocardial cells together mechanically and electrically. Because of the way the heart is constructed, the stimulation of one myocardial cell results in the stimulation of neighboring cells.
Smooth Muscle
Smooth muscle is found in the digestive tract, blood vessels, bronchioles (small air passages in the lungs), and the ducts of the urinary and reproductive systems. Peristalsis is the coordinated, wavelike contractions of the circular and longitudinal smooth muscle layers that push food from the oral to the anal end of the digestive tract.
What is epithelial tissue?
Epithelial tissue consists of cells that form membranes which cover and line the body surfaces and glands. There are 2 categories of glands: exocrine glands secrete chemicals through a duct that leads to the outside of a membrane, and endocrine glands secrete chemicals called hormones into the blood.
What do epithelial membranes do?
Epithelial membranes cover all body surfaces and line the cavity lumen of every hollow organ. They provide a barrier between the external environment and the internal environment of the body. Stratified epithelial membranes are specialized for protection, while simple stratified epithelial membranes provide little protection and instead transport substances between the internal and external environments.
What is stratified squamous epithelium nonkeratinized membrane and all layers consist of living cells?
Stratified squamous epithelium nonkeratinized membrane is a type of tissue in which all layers consist of living cells. The epidermis of the skin, by contrast, is keratinized or cornified, which is a water-resistant protein.
What is connective tissue characterized by?
Connective tissue is characterized by large amounts of extracellular material between the different types of connective tissue cells.
What are the 4 types of primary connective tissue?
The 4 types of primary connective tissue are: 1) Connective tissue proper, 2) Cartilage, 3) Bone, and 4) Blood.
What proportion of blood's volume is extracellular fluid?
About half of blood's volume is extracellular fluid, which is known as blood plasma.
Connective Tissue Proper
The matrix consists of protein fibers and a proteinaceous gel-like ground substance. It is divided into subtypes: 1. Loose Connective Tissue (Areolar Connective Tissue) 2. Dense Regular Connective Tissue (collagenous fibers are oriented parallel to each other and densely packed in the extracellular matrix leaving little room for cells and ground substance) 3. Adipose Tissue (specialized type of loose connective tissue where each adipocyte has cytoplasm stretched around a central globule of fat)
