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What is a linked list?
A linked list is a linear data structure that includes a series of connected nodes. Each node stores the data and the address of the next node.
How are pointers used in a linked list?
Pointers are used to store addresses of a variable in a linked list. They allow operations such as defining a pointer variable, assigning the address of a variable to a pointer, and locating the value at the address available in the pointer variable.
What special name is given to the address of the first node in a linked list?
The address of the first node in a linked list is given a special name called HEAD.
How can the last node in a linked list be identified?
The last node in the linked list can be identified because its 'next' portion points to NULL.
What are some limitations of arrays in storing linear data of similar types?
The limitations of arrays include fixed size, the need to know the upper limit on the number of elements in advance, expensive insertion and deletion operations, and the inability to allow dynamic size changes.
Why is insertion of a new element and deletion of an existing element expensive in arrays?
Insertion and deletion in arrays are expensive because new elements require room to be created, existing elements have to be shifted, and maintaining a sorted order involves moving elements. Dynamic Array Ease of Insertion/Deletion.
What are the advantages of a linked list over arrays in terms of insertion and deletion operations?
In a linked list, insertion and deletion operations are more efficient than in arrays because if the head node is known, any node can be traversed to and a new node can be inserted at the required position without moving existing elements.
What are the advantages of arrays over linked lists?
Arrays allow random access, whereas linked lists require sequential access. Arrays also have a more straightforward memory allocation structure and can be used for dynamic array implementation.
Dynamic Array
- Ease of Insertion/Deletion - Random access is allowed - Not cache friendly - Contiguous memory locations for elements
Linked List
- Ease of Insertion/Deletion - Random access is not allowed - Extra memory space for a pointer is required with each element - Not cache friendly - Sequential access of elements - Represented by a pointer to the head node
Stack
- Abstract data type - Fundamental operations: Push, Pop - Follows Last In First Out (LIFO) principle - All insertions and deletions happen from one side (Top)
Stack
A data structure that follows the Last In First Out (LIFO) principle.
Stack Operations
1. Push: Adding an element to the top of a stack 2. Pop: Removing an element from the top of a stack 3. IsEmpty: Checking if the stack is empty 4. IsFull: Checking if the stack is full 5. Peek: Getting the value of the top element without removing it
Stack Implementation
1. Using arrays 2. Using linked list
Stack Pointer (TOP)
A pointer used to keep track of the top element in the stack.
Initializing Stack
Setting the value of the stack pointer to 1 for checking if the stack is empty.
Push Operation
Increases the value of the stack pointer and places the new element pointed to by TOP.
Pop Operation
Returns the element pointed to by TOP and reduces its value.
Check if Stack is Full
Before pushing, check if the stack is already full.
Check if Stack is Empty
Before popping, check if the stack is already empty.
Queue
A data structure that follows the First In First Out (FIFO) principle.
Queue Operations
1. Enqueue: Putting items in the queue 2. Dequeue: Removing items from the queue
Queue Implementation
Can be implemented using arrays or linked list.
FIFO Rule
First In First Out - the item that goes in first is the item that comes out first.
Ticket Queue Analogy
Similar to a ticket queue outside a cinema hall where the first person entering the queue is the first person who gets the ticket.
What is a Queue in data structures?
A Queue is an abstract data structure (ADT) that follows the FIFO (First In First Out) rule, allowing the operations: Enqueue, Dequeue, IsEmpty, IsFull, and Peek.
What is Enqueue operation in a Queue?
Enqueue operation adds an element to the end of the queue.
What is Dequeue operation in a Queue?
Dequeue operation removes an element from the front of the queue.
How is a Queue implemented using an array?
A queue can be represented in an array using variables Queue (array storing queue elements), Front (index of the first element), and Rear (index of the last element).
What are the pointers used in Queue operations?
The pointers used in Queue operations are FRONT (tracks the first element) and REAR (tracks the last element).
