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POLI 381 Flaschard Chapter 5-7, 9 -11
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POLI 381 Flaschard Chapter 5-7, 9 -11
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Chapter 5 (Pg. 167-187)
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What is the International Society approach in IR?
The International Society approach views international relations as a society of mutually recognizing states, distinct from a system of competing and conflicting powers.
What are the main characteristics of the International Society tradition?
The International Society tradition has its own distinctive characteristics, problems, and language, with an emphasis on sovereign states as its primary membership.
Who are some key thinkers associated with the International Society approach?
Key thinkers associated with the International Society approach include Hugo Grotius, Emer de Vattel, Arnold Heeren, Charles Manning, Herbert Butterfield, Martin Wight, Adam Watson, Hedley Bull, and John Vincent.
What is the significance of the British Committee on the Theory of International Politics?
The British Committee was a key institutional home for the International Society approach, aiming to bring together academics and practitioners from various fields to discuss international society. It played a role in the formation and recognition of the International Society approach within IR.
What is the role of the exercise of judgment in the classical International Society approach?
The classical International Society approach relies explicitly on the exercise of judgment, deriving from philosophy, history, and law. It emphasizes the importance of reflective thinking and decision-making.
English School
Named by critic Jones in 1981, emphasizing intellectual attachment to London and the LSE. Emerged as alternative approach to IR, on par with realism and liberalism.
Second Generation Scholars
Includes John Vincent, Nicholas Wheeler, Tim Dunne, Andrew Linklater, Andrew Hurrell, Hidemi Suganami, Robert Jackson, and Barry Buzan.
Third Generation Scholars
Includes Cornelia Navari, Ian Hall, Edward Keene, William Bain, Tonny Brems Knudsen, Laust Schouenborg, and others. Influenced by neorealism, critical theory, and social constructivism.
Exercise of Judgement
Involves difficult moral choices in foreign policy, such as war and humanitarian intervention. Advocated by Bull.
Traditional International Society Approach
Seeks to avoid stark choice between state egoism and conflict (realism) and human goodwill and cooperation (liberalism). Rejects realist pessimism and liberal optimism.
Realist View
States as self-sufficient, self-regarding organizations relating to each other on the basis of narrow self-interest. Sees international relations as prone to conflict and war.
Raison d'Etat vs Raison de Systeme
Realist notion of the 'reason of state' vs. international society scholars' belief in 'reason of the system' (making the system work).
Liberal View
International relations as a developing global community moving towards unparalleled human progress and perpetual peace.
What does the International Society approach reject about liberalisms view of international relations?
The International Society approach rejects liberalisms optimistic view of international relations as a developing world community that is inevitably moving in the direction of unparalleled human progress and perpetual peace.
What are the key emphasis of the International Society approach in international relations?
The International Society approach emphasizes the fundamental institutions of international society including sovereignty, diplomacy, international law, great power management, the balance of power, and war.
How does the International Society approach view international relations?
The International Society approach views international relations as a society of states in which the principal actors are statespeople who are specialized in the practice of statecraft. The realm of international relations is formally anarchical but substantively orderly.
According to International Society theorists, what are international organizations, nongovernmental organizations, and multinational corporations in relation to sovereign states?
International organizations, nongovernmental organizations, and multinational corporations are important human organizations that are also involved in international relations, but they are subordinate to sovereign states, which is considered to be the foundation of world politics by International Society theorists.
What distinguishes international politics from national politics according to International Society scholars?
International politics lacks supreme authority, i.e., there is no world government that is above sovereign states, distinguishing it from national politics.
How does the International Society approach view the international sphere in relation to the national sphere?
The international sphere differs from the national, but there are still common interests, rules, institutions, and organizations that are created and shared by states, and which help to shape the relations of states. This international social condition is summed up by the phrase 'the anarchical society,' a worldwide social order of independent states.
Bulls 1995 phrase the anarchical society
A worldwide social order of independent states.
International system vs. International society
Bull drew a distinction between an international system (formed when states have sufficient contact and impact on each other's decisions) and an international society (formed when a group of states conscious of certain common interests and values form a society).
Historical examples of international societies
Ancient Greek system of city-states, ancient China in the Warring States Period, and the international society that grew out of the common culture of Latin Christendom in the 18th and 19th centuries.
Global expansion of international society
European society grew to engulf the entire globe following decolonization in the 20th century.
Extent of international society
The more international relations constitute a society and the less international relations merely compose a system, the more world politics forms a distinctive human civilization with its own norms, rules, institutions, and values.
Impact of cultural unity on international society
A certain degree of cultural unity among states seems to be a prerequisite for orderly international relations.
International society during the Cold War
At the height of the Cold War, the international society between the United States and the Soviet Union was reduced to being not much more than a system based on the calculations about each other's intentions and capabilities.
Weakening of common culture after decolonization
Decolonization in the decades after the Second World War weakened the common culture that European international society rested on.
Respect for international society norms and values
After the Cold War, the norms and values of international society have been widely respected and provided a modus operandi for Western-centered international organizations.
Key Concepts: International system vs. International society
An international system is formed when states have sufficient contact and impact on each other's decisions, while an international society exists when a group of states conscious of certain common interests and common values form a society.
Definition of International Society
A society of states or international society exists when a group of states, conscious of certain common interests and common values, form a society in the sense that they conceive themselves to be bound by a common set of rules in their relations with one another and share in the working of common institutions (Bull 1995).
Chapter 5 (Pg. 187-End of chapter)
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Solidarist/Solidarism
Solidarism is a perspective that emphasizes shared values and cooperation among states. Solidarists argue that international society is not solely based on power politics but can also involve a sense of community and common purpose among states.
World Society
Bull introduces the term "world society" to describe the possibility of a global community with shared values and norms. This concept extends the idea of international society to a broader, more inclusive context.
International System
Refers to the structure of interactions among sovereign states. It is characterized by anarchy, meaning there is no overarching authority to enforce rules or maintain order.
Pluralist/Pluralism
Pluralism, in the context of international relations, is a perspective that emphasizes the distribution of power among multiple actors, often sovereign states. Pluralists highlight the importance of state sovereignty and the balance of power as key factors in international relations.
Empire
A hierarchical system between an imperial government and its various dependencies in which sovereignty is held exclusively by that government and is exercised as supremacy or dominion over its dependencies.
Independence
The anarchical world of neorealism where each state determines its own domestic and foreign policy.
Hegemony
A state that is able to lay down the law of the international system for others while allowing them domestic independence.
Pendulum Theory
Theory illustrated with a metaphor of Time's Pendulum swinging from empire at one extreme to independence at the other, with hegemony as the midpoint.
Anarchy
The absence of a higher authority or government in the international system, where there is no centralized power to enforce rules or prevent conflict.
International Society
International society, according to Bull, goes beyond the anarchical system and implies a shared understanding among states, including common norms, values, and rules. It suggests a level of cooperation and a sense of community among states.
European system characterized by a succession of hegemonies
Watson quotes Wright's observation of European system and its succession of hegemonies sparking anti-hegemonial activities.
De facto hegemony in historical international societies
Watson argues that there were examples of de facto hegemony in historical international societies, but no single power was strong enough to establish the principle of hegemony.
Relevance of analyzing regional international societies
Buzan suggests analyzing regional international societies based on strong common cultures and how they are embedded in a looser global international society.
Criticism of historical analyses for being vague with respect to methodology
Bull and Watson's historical analyses have been criticized for being vague with respect to methodology, and it's unclear how history is used by them.
Methodological criticism of the approach
There are criticisms of the International Society approach for lacking clear standards of inquiry.
Eurocentric criticism of the expansion story
The expansion story has been criticized for being too Eurocentric and ignoring two-way interactions including how the Ottomans or the Chinese affected Europe during its expansion.
Realist critique of International Society approach
The realist critique argues that the evidence that states and statespeople subscribe to international norms is weak or nonexistent.
Liberal critique of International Society approach
The liberal critique argues that the evidence that states and statespeople subscribe to international norms is weak or nonexistent.
Critiques of International Society
There are several major criticisms of the International Society approach to IR. The realist critique argues that the evidence of states subscribing to international norms is weak, the liberal critique downplays domestic politics, the IPE critique fails to account for international economic relationships, and solidarist critiques focus on the approach's limitations in understanding the postmodern world.
Realist Critique of International Society
The realist critique questions the evidence of states being bound by common rules and institutions in their relations with each other. Realists argue that states are bound only by their own national interests, and any respect for international rules is only because it serves their own self-interest.
Liberal Critique of International Society
The liberal critique states that the International Society tradition downplays domestic politics, such as democracy, and cannot account for progressive change in international politics.
IPE Critique of International Society
The IPE critique argues that the International Society approach fails to give an account of international economic relationships, which are a crucial aspect of international politics.
Solidarist Critiques of International Society
Solidarist critiques from within the International Society tradition focus on its limitations, particularly its failure to come to grips with an emerging postmodern world.
Realist Critique of International Society (continued)
Realists believe that states are bound only by their national interests, and any adherence to international rules is merely out of self-interest. In conflicts, national interests always prevail over international obligations, as states prioritize their own security and advantage.
International Anarchy
Central to the approach of International Society theorists, emphasizing the binding of states via treaties and the recognition of legitimate interests and reciprocity in international affairs.
Martin Wight
Developed ideas on Western Values, emphasizing that if states truly acted as realists claim, there would be no binding treaties; highlighted the importance of observing a principle of reciprocity in international affairs.
Liberals vs. Realists
Liberals critique the lack of interest in domestic politics in international relations and claim that liberal democracies are more peaceloving; also critique the International Society approach for its inability to account for progressive change in international relations.
Primary vs. Secondary Institutions
Primary institutions (balance of power, international law, diplomacy, great power management, war) are seen as more important by International Society theorists, with secondary institutions viewed as serving to change international relations under the influence of the primary institutions.
What are the primary institutions in international society?
The balance of power, international law, diplomacy, great power management, and war.
What are the secondary institutions in international society?
Institutions that become possible due to the prior existence of the primary institutions and are shaped by the way these first-order institutions work.
Chapter 6
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International Political Economy
The study of the relationship between politics and economics at the international level.
Marxism
A theoretical tradition within IPE that focuses on the role of class struggle and the capitalist mode of production.
Mercantilism
An economic theory that emphasizes the importance of a strong and interventionist state in promoting national wealth and power.
Liberalism
An economic and political ideology that emphasizes individual liberty, free markets, and limited government intervention in the economy.
Global Political Economy (GPE)
An alternative label used by some to describe the field of IPE, particularly in the context of today's intensely globalized economic relations.
Wealth and Poverty
Key issues in IPE that focus on the distribution of resources, income inequality, and economic development at the international level.
Classical Theoretical Traditions
The three most important theoretical traditions within IPE: Marxism, Mercantilism, and Liberalism.
International Studies
A broader discipline within which both International Relations (IR) and International Political Economy (IPE) can be considered subfields.
What is IPE?
International Political Economy (IPE) is the reciprocal and dynamic interaction in international relations of the pursuit of wealth and the pursuit of power.
What does IPE study?
IPE studies the intersection of economics (production and exchange of marketable means of want satisfaction) with the process by which power is exercised in politics.
What does IPE connect?
IPE connects economics and politics beyond the confines of a single state.
What was the core normative argument for the establishment of the academic discipline of IR at the beginning of the twentieth century?
The core normative argument was that it should help promote a more peaceful world.
What was the focus of IR during the 1950s and 1960s in the context of the Cold War?
The focus was on war and peace, shaped by the experiences of two world wars.
What did French President Charles de Gaulle consider as 'quartermasters' stuff and low politics'?
He considered economic affairs as 'quartermasters' stuff and low politics, which could be looked after by lesser minds.
What did Charles de Gaulle consider as 'high politics'?
He considered high politics to concern the larger issues of war and peace, which statesmen like himself took care of.
What was the predominant priority given by classical realism and neorealism?
Both classical realism and neorealism give priority to politics over economics.
How were economics and politics in international relations viewed in the 1950s and 1960s?
Economics and politics in international relations were seen as almost totally isolated from each other, with many scholars making the misjudgment of separating economics and politics.
How were economics and politics in international relations described by one scholar in 1970?
They were described as a case of mutual neglect, with international economics and international politics being studied as qualitatively different activities with different approaches.
What happened to the sharp distinction between politics and economics by the early 1970s?
The sharp distinction between politics and economics was increasingly questioned by the early 1970s.
What system, established after the Second World War, showed signs of crisis in the early 1970s?
The Bretton Woods system
Who was the American President who abandoned the gold convertibility of the American dollar?
Richard Nixon
What measure was taken to halt the drain on US gold reserves?
Abandoning the gold convertibility of the American dollar
What does IPE stand for?
International Political Economy
What important question did Robert Keohane ask in his book 'After Hegemony'?
Can cooperation take place without hegemony and if so, how?
In his book, 'After Hegemony', what did Robert Keohane question?
Why the Bretton Woods system had broken down and become replaced by something less liberal
MERCANTILISM
An economic theory and practice that promotes governmental regulation of a nation's economy for the purpose of augmenting state power at the expense of rival national powers.
LIBERALISM
An economic theory advocating free competition and a self-regulating market and the gold standard.
After Hegemony - Robert Keohane (1984)
Explores the possibility of cooperation in the absence of hegemony and how it can be achieved.
Robert Gilpin (1987) - The Breakdown of Bretton Woods
Investigates the reasons behind the breakdown of the Bretton Woods system and its replacement with something less liberal.
Oil Crisis (1973)
Contributed to a sense of lost innocence and highlighted the interconnection between politics and economics during economic crises.
Chapter 7 (Pg. 221-240)
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What is social constructivism?
Social constructivism focuses on human awareness and consciousness in world affairs, emphasizing the importance of ideas and beliefs over material factors.
What does neorealism focus on?
Neorealism focuses on the distribution of material power, such as military forces and economic capabilities, to define balances of power between states and explain state behavior.
How do constructivists view the international system?
Constructivists view the international system as existing through shared ideas and beliefs, not solely as a result of material forces. They emphasize understanding and human consciousness over material factors.
According to constructivists, what is the international system composed of?
The international system is composed of ideas, beliefs, and norms arranged by certain people at a particular time and place. It is a human invention, not a physical entity.
What is the distinction between moderate and radical constructivism?
Moderate constructivism emphasizes the influence of thoughts and ideas on international relations, while radical constructivism goes further to argue that the social reality of international relations is not external to human consciousness.
According to constructivist Alexander Wendt, what is anarchy in international relations?
Alexander Wendt famously stated, 'anarchy is what states make of it,' highlighting the idea that the nature of international relations is shaped by the thoughts and ideas of the actors involved.
What is constructivism in International Relations?
Constructivism is all about how people and states can start thinking about each other in new ways and thus create new norms that may be radically different from the old ones.
Why did scholars become interested in human agency in International Relations?
After the end of the Cold War and following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the situation turned much more fluid and open, leading to a renewed interest in the role of human agency or how the world is constantly remade via human intervention.
What is neorealist theory in International Relations?
Neorealist theory is a theory that suggests that other states will equate with the US because offsetting US power is a means of guaranteeing one's own security.
What is neorealism?
Neorealism is a theory about the balance of power and the emergence of new great powers in the world.
What is the constructivist claim about neorealism?
Constructivists argue that a focus on thoughts and ideas leads to a better theory about anarchy and power balancing.
What did John Mearsheimer argue about the current rise of China and the resurgence of Russia?
Mearsheimer argued that it lays the foundation for a multipolar order.
What is the role of liberals in understanding neorealism?
Some liberals accept neorealist assumptions while others focus on the role of ideas after the Cold War.
What did Francis Fukuyama proclaim in 1989?
Fukuyama proclaimed the end of history, endorsing the role of ideas and especially the progress of liberal ideas in the world.
What are liberal ideas?
Liberal ideas relate to the progress of liberal democratic government and the role of thinking and ideas in general.
How did the end of the Cold War and the discussion between IR scholars set the stage for the constructivist approach?
The end of the Cold War and the discussion between neorealists and liberals helped set the stage for the constructivist approach, especially in North America.
What did the International Society approach in Europe anticipate?
The International Society approach in Europe anticipated the constructivist emphasis on the role of ideas and the importance of social interaction between states.
What is the concept of structuration proposed by Anthony Giddens?
The concept of structuration analyzes the relationship between structures and actors, highlighting the intersubjective understanding and meaning, as well as the dynamic view of the relationship between structure and actors.
How did international actors alter the structural constraints they faced in the use of chemical and nuclear weapons?
International actors developed a taboo on the use of chemical and nuclear weapons, thereby altering the structural constraints they faced.
What does constructivism mean?
Constructivism is a way of thinking that suggests people create and shape their own history and the world around them.
Who are some important philosophers associated with constructivism?
Giambattista Vico and Immanuel Kant are two important philosophers associated with constructivism.
What does Immanuel Kant argue about knowledge and the world?
Immanuel Kant argued that we can obtain knowledge about the world, but it will always be subjective knowledge, filtered through human experiences and perspectives.
What is the central idea of structuration in constructivism?
The central idea of structuration in constructivism is that there is a dynamic relationship between structures (such as social norms and institutions) and the individuals who act within those structures.
How do constructivists like Alexander Wendt view anarchy in international relations?
Constructivists like Alexander Wendt suggest a less rigid view of anarchy, emphasizing the importance of social norms and shared understandings among states.
Chapter 7 (Pg. 241-End of chapter)
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What is the major problem that states face in anarchy according to neorealists?
The problem of uncertainty
What is uncertainty about in the international system according to neorealists?
Uncertainty is about the present intentions of other states and the future intentions of other states.
What is the security dilemma according to neorealists?
In anarchy, states are always seeking security moves, which can be misread by other states, leading to a cycle of insecurity.
What does realism only need states to be uncertain about according to neorealists?
Realism only needs states to be uncertain about the present and future interests of the other.
According to neorealists, is uncertainty profound in anarchies of great powers?
Yes, uncertainty may often be profound in anarchies of great powers.
What does Dale Copeland argue about Wendt's constructivist analysis?
Dale Copeland argues that Wendt's constructivist analysis overlooks the difficulties states face in obtaining trustworthy information about the motives and intentions of other states.
What does the risk of deception significantly increase according to Dale Copeland?
The risk of deception significantly increases the problem of uncertainty.
What do constructivists tend to assume about social interaction between states?
Constructivists tend to assume that social interaction between states is always sincere and that states genuinely attempt to express and understand each other's motives and intentions.
What is the pervasive element in the relations between many states according to Dale Copeland?
The pervasive element is deception in the relations between many states.
What do deceptive actors do in international relations according to Dale Copeland?
Deceptive actors will stage-manage the situation to create impressions that serve their narrow ends, and other actors, especially in world politics, will understand this.
Do constructivists believe that states are genuinely peaceful in their interactions?
Yes, constructivists tend to believe that states genuinely attempt to express and understand each other's motives and intentions, assuming that social interaction between states is always sincere.
What is an example of states saying one thing and meaning another according to the text?
The Hitler-Stalin pact, where it was probably clear to most that it was not based on good and sincere intentions about cooperation between the two states.
What is an example of deceptive actors in international relations according to the text?
The analysis by Ted Hopf on Soviet and Russian foreign policy, where Khrushchev praised China publicly but warned West German Chancellor Adenauer in private conversations that China represented a real threat to the USSR and the West.
What does the analysis by Ted Hopf on Soviet and Russian foreign policy highlight?
The analysis highlights the deceptive nature of some actors in international relations, where public statements may differ significantly from private views and intentions.
According to constructivists, how do they explain the behavior of states in the international system?
According to constructivists, they maintain that anarchy and the behavior of states can be understood through social interaction and shared understanding of norms and values.
What did Chancellor Konrad Adenauer think China was to the USSR and the West?
Chancellor Konrad Adenauer thought that China was a real threat to the USSR and to the West.
According to constructivists, what is anarchy and its impact on conflict?
Constructivists believe that anarchy is a more complex entity than posited by neorealists. It does not always lead to self-help, mutual aggression, and the risk of violent conflict.
What is the critique against Mearsheimer's claim about realism as the dominant discourse from the late medieval period to 1989 by constructivists?
Constructivists maintain that Mearsheimer's claim about realism as the dominant discourse is not accurate. They argue that warfare and power politics in medieval Europe cannot be easily separated from religious norms, and normative constraints affected the actions of states.
What argument do constructivists present against Barnett's claim about the origins of laws of war such as the proper treatment of prisoners and the illegality of summary executions?
Constructivists argue that Barnett ignores the deep historical sources of many modern international norms, and the laws of war have much deeper historical foundations that go back to Christian culture in medieval Europe.
Why do constructivists believe it is important to incorporate ideas and social interaction in the study of interests and identities?
Constructivists believe that without incorporating ideas and social interaction, it will not be possible to produce a precise analysis about the nature of anarchy in particular historical periods.
How do neorealists counter the argument about the degree of internalization of shared ideas among states?
Neorealists can argue that Wendt's first degree of internalization reflects a thin commitment to shared ideas among states.
What is the study of how countries interact with each other called?
International relations
Do norms and ideas matter in international relations?
Yes, they do.
What is the constructivist view of change in international relations?
Constructivists provide few insights on why discourses rise and fall and usually argue that changes in the material world drive changes in discourse.
What does neorealism claim about change in international relations?
Neorealism downplays change by claiming international relations to be the same things over and over again, a constant logic of anarchy.
Who is Robert Jervis and what does he contend about constructivists?
Robert Jervis contends that constructivists fail to explain how norms are formed, how identities are shaped, and how interests are defined.
What is constructivism?
Constructivism emphasizes collective learning, cognitive evolution, epistemic change, and the life cycles of norms. It involves the institutionalization of people's knowledge, practices, and discourses.
How do constructivists view norms?
Constructivists pay special attention to how norms diffuse globally and how they are sometimes internalized by domestic actors.
What can constructivists cooperate with liberals on?
Constructivists can cooperate with liberals on processes of democratization, interdependence, and international institutions. They may also develop a liberal claim that international institutions can transform state identity and interests.
What can constructivists cooperate with International Society theorists on?
Constructivists can cooperate with International Society theorists on the existence of common interests and common values between states, making relations between states an international society instead of a mere system of states.
Chapter 9 (Pg. 279-298)
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What is foreign policy?
Foreign policy involves goals, strategies, and activities of national governments in conducting international relations with other countries and organizations.
Who is involved in managing foreign relations?
Government officials such as presidents, prime ministers, foreign ministers, defense ministers, and finance ministers, along with their closest advisors, are usually the key policymakers in managing foreign relations.
Can foreign policies be analyzed with theories of international relations?
There is a debate in the literature, but most scholars believe that theories of international relations have direct implications for understanding and analyzing foreign policies.
What is foreign policy?
Foreign policy involves a means-end way of thinking about goals and actions of government.
What does instrumental analysis involve?
Instrumental analysis involves thinking of the best available decision or course of action to make things happen according to one's requirements or interests.
What does policy analysis become when it advocates what ought to be done?
When policy analysis becomes prescriptive, it advocates what ought to be done to solve foreign policy problems or achieve foreign policy goals.
What does foreign policy analysis involve?
Foreign policy analysis involves scrutinizing the external policies of states and placing them in a broader context of academic knowledge.
What is the academic context of foreign policy analysis usually defined by?
The academic context of foreign policy analysis is usually defined by theories and approaches, such as the ones discussed in previous chapters.
How does the choice of theory affect the choice of policy?
The choice of theory is likely to affect the choice of policy because different theories are based on different vantage points and priorities.
What do realists underline in their view of the world?
Realists underline the value of national security, enhancing national military power, and balancing that of other states.
Realists
Realists emphasize the value of national security, enhancing national military power, and balancing that of other states as the correct way of achieving national security.
International Society scholars
International Society scholars emphasize the values of order and justice, with a rule-based and well-ordered international society as a major goal.
Liberals
Freedom and democracy are the core values for liberals. They believe that liberal democracies will support peaceful international cooperation based on international institutions.
IPE approach
Scholars who emphasize the importance of socioeconomic wealth and welfare as a central goal of foreign policy are likely to take an IPE approach, focusing on the promotion of a stable international economic system that can support economic growth and welfare progress.
Approaches to foreign policy analysis
1. Traditional approach: involves being informed about a government's external policies, knowing their history, comprehending the interests and concerns that drive the policies, and thinking through the various ways of addressing and defending those interests and concerns.
What is foreign policy?
Foreign policy is about a government's decisions, actions, and strategies concerning its relationships with other countries.
What do traditional theories of foreign policy focus on?
Traditional theories of foreign policy focus on understanding the decisions and actions made by the government and the reasons behind them.
What is the main goal of studying foreign policy traditionally?
The main goal is to gain insight into the activity of foreign policymakers, either through experience or careful scrutiny of past and present foreign policies.
Who were the main writers on the subject of foreign policy?
The main writers were historians, jurists, philosophers, and some practitioners such as Machiavelli, Grotius, George Kennan, and Henry Kissinger.
What is the traditional approach cautious of?
The traditional approach is cautious of allowing theory to get ahead of practice and experience.
Foreign Policy Analysis
Studying and explaining how foreign policy decisions are made.
Traditional Approach
Focuses on the decision maker in foreign policy analysis.
Comparative Approach
Inspired by the behavioralist turn in political science, seeks to build systematic theories and explanations of the foreign policy process.
Rational Actor Model (RAM)
A theory that assumes that decision makers are rational actors who weigh the costs and benefits of different courses of action.
Bureaucratic Structures and Processes
Focuses on how decisions are made within government organizations during crisis situations.
Cognitive Processes and Psychology
Considers the psychological aspects and decision-making processes of foreign policy actors.
Multilevel Multidimensional Theories
General theories that consider various levels and dimensions of foreign policy decision making.
Constructivist Turn
Emphasizes the role of identities before interests in foreign policy analysis.
Chapter 9 (Pg. 299-End of chapter)
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Foreign policy decisions are made in circumstances of uncertainty and with imperfect knowledge.
Foreign policy decisions are made in situations where things are not certain, and people may not know everything.
Foreign policy is more prone to uncertainty and conflict than domestic policy.
Foreign policy is more likely to have things that are uncertain and have disagreements than policies within a country.
Issues and problems that foreign policymakers deal with are always changing and moving.
The problems that people who make decisions about other countries have to deal with are always changing and moving.
There is rarely a right or wrong foreign policy at the time it is made.
Usually, people making decisions about other countries can't know for sure if their decisions are right or wrong until later.
Analytical models that claim to provide definitive accounts of foreign policy decision-making may not be trustworthy.
Some ways of trying to understand how decisions about other countries are made may not be completely reliable.
Donald Trump's presidency has raised questions about how much power an individual leader has in making foreign policy decisions.
People have been wondering how much power one person, like Donald Trump, has to make decisions about other countries.
Donald Trump wanted to change US foreign policy by putting America first.
Donald Trump wanted to make US foreign policy more about America and less about other countries.
Donald Trump's style and rhetoric were different from previous presidents.
The way Donald Trump talked and acted was not the same as other presidents.
Donald Trump's style was described as belligerent, bullying, impatient, irresponsible, intellectually lazy, short-tempered, and self-obsessed.
People said that Donald Trump acted in a way that was aggressive, mean, and not very patient or thoughtful.
Donald Trump called US foreign policy before his presidency a complete and total disaster.
Donald Trump said that US foreign policy before he became president was a really big failure.
After winning the elections, Donald Trump downgraded US engagement in international institutions and threatened trade wars with China.
After he became president, Donald Trump made the US do less with other countries and threatened to have fights about trade with China.
What is the main message of the speech about the future of the United States?
The United States is shifting towards a more modest view of power and focusing on domestic challenges and the challenge from China.
Who are the two presidents mentioned in the speech, and what was their stance on foreign policy?
Donald Trump and Barack Obama. Both represent a swing away from the optimistic global democracy promotion of previous presidents towards a more modest view of US power.
What is the notion of "leading from behind" and who emphasized it?
Leading from behind means focusing on domestic nation building and only intermittently intervening abroad. Barack Obama emphasized this view.
What was the foreign policy strategy of Woodrow Wilson?
Woodrow Wilson's administration attempted to spread democracy in Latin America and went to war in 1917 to make the world safe for democracy.
According to Eliot Cohen, what is the deeper meaning of the notion of "America first" in foreign policy?
The notion of "America first" represents a permanent shift among American leaders away from the dominant post-war conception of US foreign policy.
What is Trump's foreign policy vision?
Trump's foreign policy vision is one in which the United States is merely one great power among others. In this view, Washington should pursue its own interests, stand for freedom chiefly at home, and only intermittently abroad, rejecting as a matter of principle the international organizations that previous generations of US leaders built.
How did Trump's foreign policy react to the declining hegemonic power of the US?
A more cynical interpretation is that Trump's foreign policy is the natural reaction of a declining hegemonic power no longer willing to invest in common purposes of the international society.
What constraints did Trump face as an individual decision maker in foreign policy?
At home, he faced domestic level factors and international system constraints. His attack on democracy, prolonged campaign against the 2020 election result, and his attitudes towards foreign engagement were all constrained by domestic and international factors.
How is the study of foreign policy structured around levels of analysis?
The study of foreign policy attempts to combine domestic and international explanatory factors, addressing the international system level, the nation-state level, and the level of the individual decision maker. Foreign Policy Analysis (FPA) takes Waltz's first level of analysis, in the form of individual decision makers, seriously.
What is the biggest difference of FPA compared to previous theories and approaches?
FPA takes individual decision makers seriously
What does FPA emphasize in the way human agents and structures interact?
FPA emphasizes the way human agents and structures interact in foreign policy
What do some IR theories argue about the influence of domestic politics on foreign policies?
Some IR theories argue that domestic politics influences foreign policies
What does FPA need to fully realize its potential?
FPA needs to combine explanatory levels to fully realize its potential
What was emphasized when discussing the imprint of Donald Trump on American foreign policy?
Erratic aspects of his personality and policies were emphasized, as well as showing how other aspects of his America First policy have deep domestic roots
What is foreign policy analysis?
Foreign policy analysis is the study of the management of external relations and activities of nation-states as distinguished from their domestic policies.
Who is Otto von Bismarck?
Otto von Bismarck was a German prime minister and one of the most talented practitioners of foreign policy in history.
What did Otto von Bismarck say about creating and controlling the current of events?
Otto von Bismarck once said, "Man cannot create and control the current of events. He can only float with it and steer."
Chapter 10 (Pg. 305-324)
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What is IPE?
IPE stands for International Political Economy, and it is a field of study that examines the interaction between politics and economics on a global scale.
When were the current versions of IPE theories developed?
The current versions of IPE theories were developed in the 1970s and 1980s.
How many different traditions of thought were identified in IPE?
No less than 19 different traditions of thought were identified in IPE.
Is IPE a coherent theory?
No, IPE is not a coherent theory but more of a set of approaches or even just a field of inquiry.
What are the four major issues in IPE presented in Chapter 6?
The four major issues in IPE presented in Chapter 6 are the relationship between politics and economics, development and underdevelopment, economic globalization, and how to empirically investigate problems of international political economy.
What is the first issue concerning power and the relationship between politics and economics in IPE?
The first issue concerns whether politics is in charge of economics or if it's the other way around.
What sparked the debate about the relationship between politics and economics in IPE?
The breakdown of the Bretton Woods system in the early 1970s sparked the debate about the relationship between politics and economics in IPE.
What is the focus of the debate on the relationship between politics and economics in IPE?
The debate focuses on the way the rules of the game are formulated and maintained in international affairs.
What is the first major issue in international political economy (IPE)?
The debate about the rules of the game in international affairs.
Why is the debate about the rules of the game in international affairs important?
It affects our understanding of who has power in the world today and drives the major changes in the global economy.
What is the second major issue in IPE?
Development and underdevelopment in the developing world.
What do liberals emphasize in development and underdevelopment?
The constructive role of market forces for economic development.
What do realists/mercantilists point to in development and underdevelopment?
The leading role of the state in the process.
What do Marxists stress in development and underdevelopment?
The ties of dependency and exploitation that hamper development in the Global South.
Which countries are considered successful modernizers in the developing world?
China, India, and Brazil.
What is the third major issue in IPE?
The nature and extent of economic globalization.
How extensive is economic globalization?
It involves global economic relations and is a fundamental change in our world.
Who drives the process of economic globalization?
Various actors and entities contribute to driving the process.
What is the fourth major issue in IPE?
How to study the real world as IPE scholars.
What are the two contrasting approaches in studying the real world as IPE scholars?
The hard science American School of IPE and the more qualitative and normative British School of IPE.
What is the role of market forces for economic development?
Market forces help with economic development by promoting growth and innovation.
Who do realist-mercantilists point to as having a leading role in economic development?
Realist-mercantilists point to the state as having a leading role in economic development.
What do Marxists emphasize as hampering development in the Global South?
Marxists emphasize the ties of dependency and exploitation as hampering development in the Global South.
What term do many Marxists use for the developing world?
Many Marxists use the term 'Global South' for the developing world.
What do liberals believe drives economic globalization?
Liberals believe economic globalization is a market-driven process with great potential to bring benefits to all.
According to realists, who is in charge of globalization?
According to realists, states are basically in charge of globalization and heavily influence who benefits from the process.
How do Marxists view economic globalization?
Marxists view economic globalization as an uneven hierarchical process where the advanced industrialized countries benefit the most.
What do some scholars see globalization as?
Some scholars see globalization as an intensification of complex interdependence rather than something new and qualitatively different.
What are some concerns about economic globalization?
Some concerns include increasing inequality particularly inside countries and the viability of the current model of capitalism in the United States and Western Europe.
What is the fourth issue in the context of international economic relations?
The fourth issue concerns the kind of evidence that can be used in IPE or how to study the real world as IPE scholars.
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What is economic globalization characterized by?
Economic globalization is characterized by dependence rather than interdependence and the concentration of economic power in leading industrialized countries.
What events have put pressure on globalization?
The financial crisis in 2008, the nationalist Trump presidency, and the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 have put pressure on globalization.
What is the neo-Marxist view of economic globalization?
The neo-Marxist view emphasizes the uneven and hierarchical nature of economic globalization, suggesting that it may not benefit underprivileged people and that it leads to intensified interdependence and the creation of a global economy.
What are the three theoretical positions outlined in the text?
The three theoretical positions are economic liberals, realists/mercantilists, and neo-Marxists.
Why are the poorest countries and people in difficulty according to the text?
The poorest countries and people are in difficulty because they are marginalized participants in economic globalization, not because of economic surplus being taken from them by the rich.
What is economic globalization?
Economic globalization means countries and people around the world are connected and depend on each other for trade and money.
What are nation-states?
Nation-states are countries with their own governments and rules.
What is inequality?
Inequality means some people have a lot of money and resources while others have very little.
What does industrialization mean?
Industrialization is when a country starts using factories and machines to make things instead of doing everything by hand.
What is the richest 1 percent?
The richest 1 percent are the wealthiest people in the world who have a lot of money and resources.
What is the bottom 50 percent?
The bottom 50 percent are the people who have the least amount of money and resources in the world.
What is the housing bubble?
The housing bubble is when house prices go up really high, and then suddenly drop, causing a big problem for people who own houses.
What is the financial crisis?
The financial crisis is when there is a big problem with money and banks, and it affects many people and businesses.
What are financial institutions?
Financial institutions are places where people keep their money and get loans, like banks.
What does lax regulation mean?
Lax regulation means there are not enough rules and control over how money and banks can operate, which can lead to problems.
What are financial markets?
Financial markets are places where people buy and sell money, stocks, and other financial products.
What are derivatives?
Derivatives are complicated financial products that are hard to understand and price correctly.
What does opaque mean?
Opaque means something is difficult to understand or see through.
What is profit?
Profit is when someone makes extra money from their business or investments.
What is economic globalization?
Economic globalization means the way countries are connected through trade, investment, and technology.
What does economic globalization bring?
Economic globalization brings increased prosperity and challenges to the state.
Who benefits from economic globalization?
Economic globalization benefits some people, but it can also lead to inequality.
What is the impact of economic globalization on the pandemic?
The COVID-19 pandemic has shown that economic globalization has led to structural inequality and different experiences within and across countries.
What is economic globalization?
Economic globalization is when countries and businesses around the world start working together more.
What does Dani Rodrik think about hyperglobalization?
Dani Rodrik thinks that hyperglobalization is not good for keeping democracy and national determination strong. He believes in a less freewheeling system of economic exchange that is better regulated and in harmony with national objectives.
What do Iversen and Soskice think about the role of advanced democracies in globalization?
They believe that advanced democracies are in control of globalization and benefit from it. They think that the laws of capitalism driving wealth accumulation are politically and democratically manufactured.
What is the role of liberal democracy in globalization according to Iversen and Soskice?
Liberal democracy empowers the middle class, which has the decisive vote. This results in policies that keep economies attractive for capital, reducing international capital's bargaining power.
What is 'creative destruction' according to Joseph A. Schumpeter?
Creative destruction refers to the gradual abandonment of old firms, industries, and sectors as technology and trade patterns change.
What is globalization?
Globalization is when countries and people around the world are interconnected and interact with each other.
What is theoretical eclecticism?
Theoretical eclecticism is when we combine insights from different theories to make new frameworks for understanding complex issues.
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What does the chapter discuss?
The chapter discusses important issues raised by current events and their impact on the study of international relations.
Why are values and theory important in discussing issues in IR?
Values are important in determining what is considered significant, and theory is important in providing a theoretical basis for the importance of an issue in the study of IR.
How does the discussion of issues proceed in the chapter?
The discussion proceeds by examining the empirical problems raised by the issues, considering their significance in the agenda of IR, and discussing the theoretical challenge they present.
What are the four key issues discussed in the chapter?
Climate Change, International Terrorism, Religion, and Balance and Hegemony in World History.
What is the overall purpose of discussing these issues?
The purpose is to illustrate how different issues can enter the discipline of IR and challenge its theoretical focus.
What are the major issues in international relations?
Climate change, international terrorism, religion, and balance of power in world history.
Why is climate change an important issue in international relations?
Climate change has emerged as a third major issue area, and the consequences of climate change, in the form of global warming, pose significant concerns.
What is green theory and why is it significant?
Green theory is based on the notion that an imminent ecological crisis will reshape global politics and make much of what we thought we knew about international relations irrelevant.
What are the implications of climate change in international relations?
Climate change forces us to rethink our approaches to international relations both in a substantial and a normative sense. It will be the new arena for international conflict and cooperation.
How do some critics argue that environmental degradation sits uncomfortably with dominant approaches to international relations?
Some critics argue that aspects of environmental degradation sit uncomfortably with the dominant approaches to international relations, posing a significant problem.
Environmental degradation
Harm caused to the environment by human activity.
Climate Change
Changes in weather patterns and temperatures, often caused by human activity and leading to global warming.
Carbon Dioxide
A gas that contributes to the greenhouse effect, trapping heat in the Earth's atmosphere.
Global Warming
The gradual increase in the Earth's overall temperature due to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide and other pollutants.
Mitigate
To make something less severe or harmful, such as reducing the impact of climate change.
Anthropogenic
Caused by human activity or influenced by human beings.
Catastrophic
Extremely harmful or disastrous.
Emissions
The release of gases, pollutants, or other substances into the atmosphere.
Greenhouse Effect
The trapping of heat in the Earth's atmosphere caused by the presence of certain gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane.
IR (International Relations)
The study of relationships between countries and the roles of sovereign states, intergovernmental organizations, non-governmental organizations, and multinational corporations.
Deeper Causes
Underlying reasons or origins of a problem, such as the root factors contributing to climate change.
Material Relations
The interactions and connections between people, societies, and resources that contribute to the production of environmental harm.
Natural Scientists
Experts who study the natural world and phenomena, such as climate scientists who analyze environmental changes and climate patterns.
Forecasting
Predicting or estimating future events or trends based on existing data and evidence.
International Response
Actions taken by multiple countries or global institutions to address and mitigate global issues, such as climate change.
GHG (Greenhouse Gas) Emissions
The release of gases, like carbon dioxide and methane, that contribute to the greenhouse effect and global warming.
Siberia
A region in Russia known for its vast frozen tundra and diverse ecosystems.
Sunlight Reflection
The process by which light from the sun bounces off surfaces, impacting the Earth's energy balance and climate systems.
Northern Hemisphere
The half of the Earth that is north of the equator, including regions such as North America, Europe, and Asia.
What happens when the ice cap melts in the Northern Hemisphere?
The ice melting may release carbon and weaken the Gulf Stream, affecting climate and increasing greenhouse effect.
Chapter 11 (Pg. 359 - End of chapter)
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What is terrorism?
Terrorism is an act of violence and fear used to achieve political or ideological goals.
What is the realist view of terrorism?
Realists tend to focus on interstate relations and may believe that international terrorist groups can only flourish with state support.
What is the liberal view of terrorism?
Liberals appreciate the importance of non-state actors and emphasize the need for international cooperation in facing the terrorist threat.
How do liberals suggest addressing transnational terrorist networks?
Liberals suggest addressing transnational terrorist networks through networks of cooperating government agencies and international cooperation.
What is poststructuralist analysis of terrorism?
Poststructuralist analysis views terrorism as a social construction and suggests a shift from an actor-centered to a discourse-centered perspective in terrorism studies.
What is the logical starting point for terrorism research?
Discourse.
What perspective should be emphasized in terrorism studies?
A discourse-centered perspective.
What is the crucial role of metaphors in the making of reality in terrorism studies?
Metaphors shape the perception and understanding of terrorism.
How was terrorism first constituted and how did it shift in 2004?
Terrorism was first constituted as war, but from 2004 onwards, the principal metaphor shifted from war to crime.
How has the shift in the principal metaphor of terrorism affected Al-Qaeda's perception?
It transformed Al-Qaeda from an external to an internal threat.
What factor is international terrorism connected to, according to world systems analysis?
International terrorism is connected to systemic factors, particularly to the rise and decline of leading states in the world system.
How has globalization contributed to the expansion of international terrorism?
Globalization involving closer integration among states and technological advances in communication and transportation has pushed the expansion of international terrorism.
What does securitization theory emphasize about terrorism?
Securitization theory emphasizes that terrorism is an example of how political actors securitize issues to give them more political attention than they deserve.
What do scholars skeptical of mainstream approaches call for in the analysis of terrorism?
They call for the strengthening of critical terrorism studies.
What do some scholars think about mainstream approaches to the analysis of terrorism?
Some scholars are sceptical and call for the strengthening of critical terrorism studies.
Why are some scholars sceptical of mainstream analyses of terrorism?
They believe the analyses are too closely tied in with government agencies, which puts limitations on their work.
What does the debate about terrorism studies indicate?
It indicates that terrorism studies are evolving as a field in their own right with discussions between different approaches.
What do scholars need to evaluate as IR analysts?
They need to evaluate the relative merits of each approach to terrorism studies.
What do many scholars argue about the events of 11 September 2001?
They argue that these events signal a resurgence of religion in international affairs.
What does the claim of an increasing importance of religious beliefs, practices, and discourses imply?
It implies significant implications for international relations.
How were religion and politics integrated in earlier days?
Religion and politics were deeply integrated, as explained in earlier days.
What did the modern state that arose in Europe make religion?
The modern state made religion a private matter separate from politics.
What did political rulers agree not to interfere in?
They agreed not to interfere in matters of religion in other countries.
What came to be a model for other parts of the world?
The expulsion of religion from politics in the context of the modern sovereign state came to be a model for other parts of the world.
What do Westerners tend to think modernization involves?
Westerners tend to think modernization involves secularization.
What does Jos Casanova believe about the theory of secularization?
Jos Casanova believes the theory of secularization is so strong.
What is secularization?
Secularization is when new areas of the world become modernized and separate religion from politics.
According to Jos Casanova, what theory has attained a truly paradigmatic status within the modern social sciences?
Secularization theory.
Is the claim of secularization being increasingly called into question?
Yes, it is increasingly called into question.
What influential analysis emphasizes the resurgence of religion in politics?
The Clash of Civilizations thesis by Samuel Huntington.
