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Question
Humoral immunity methods for antibodies
Answer
- B-lymphocyte - Antibodies - Leukocyte - Cytokines - Liver - Complement - Adoptive immunity - Passive immunity
Question
B-cell activation by thymus-dependent (Td) antigen
Answer
- Protein antigen - 2nd activation signal: CD40-CD40L - Th lymphocyte help is necessary - IgG antibody production - Long-lasting immune response
Question
B-cell activation by thymus-independent (Ti) antigens
Answer
- Sugar antigen - 2nd activation signal: TLR (sugar antigen) - Mainly sugar antigens - Induce mainly IgM antibody production - Short immune response
Question
B-cell activation reality
Answer
- Bacterium - Td antigen activation - Ti antigen activation - B-cell with BCR specific for an antigen may: 1. Be activated by Td antigen in the presence of Th cells 2. Be activated by Ti antigen when specific T-cells are absent (no help)
Question
B-cell activation subsequent steps
Answer
- B-cell stimulation - Specific antigens - Mitogens - EBV (Epstein-Barr virus) - S. Aureus (Staphylococcus aureus) - Anti-IgM cytokines - Anti-CD40 - Readout: Proliferation, BCR expression, Antibodies - Techniques: CSFE, BRDU, Cytometry, ELISA
Question
Th-cell activation/cytokine secretion
Answer
- 1st signal: TCR-MHCII - 2nd signal: coreceptors - 3rd signal: cytokines - Th cells are highly specialized cells producing cytokines affecting immune response processes - Other leukocytes are able to produce cytokines in particular conditions
Question
Th-cell activation/cytokine secretion: superantigens
Answer
- SEA (staphylococcal enterotoxin A) - TSST-1 (toxic shock syndrome toxin) - Activation of a big number of T-cells by superantigens may lead to massive uncontrolled cytokine secretion - Septic shock: reduction of ready to act cell number, depletion
Question
Complement activation
Answer
- Classical - Alternative - Lectin - MAC complex (membrane-attacking complex) - Leads to MAC formation and induction of cell lysis (important defense mechanism)
Question
Complement activation: assessment
Answer
- 50% hemolysis (CH50) - Radial hemolysis - Sheep erythrocytes
Question
Complement activation
Answer
The process in which the complement system is activated, leading to the formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC) and the induction of cell lysis, an important defense mechanism.
Question
Classical, Alternative, Lectin Pathways
Answer
The three pathways of complement activation, involving different mechanisms and triggers for activation.
Question
MAC Complex
Answer
The membrane attack complex, which is formed as a result of complement activation and is responsible for cell lysis.
Question
Complement Activation Investigation
Answer
Assessment of complement activation is done by investigating levels of hemolysis, complement factors (C1q, C3, C4, C5, P, and B factors), and using methods such as radial immunodiffusion, ELISA, and nephelometry.
Question
Immune Deficiency
Answer
A condition characterized by low concentrations of proteins in the gamma globulin fraction and lowered concentrations of particular antibody subclasses, which may indicate immune deficiency. It is often suspected in individuals with frequent bacterial infections.
Question
Antibodies Structure
Answer
Antibodies have two heavy (H) chains and two light (L) chains, with different isoforms and classes (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE), as well as genetic differences between individuals and various regions (C, V, paratopes, etc).
Question
Antibodies Classification
Answer
Antibodies are classified into different classes (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE) with differences in their structure and function, including five different isoforms and six subclasses.
Question
Antibodies Characteristics
Answer
Antibodies have characteristics such as valency, affinity, and avidity, which contribute to their ability to bind antigens and play a role in immune responses.
Question
Infectious Diseases and Antibodies
Answer
The presence of antibodies specific to infectious agents usually indicates infection and is often investigated using methods like ELISA, Western Blot, and serological tests for specific pathogens.
Question
Antibodies Investigation
Answer
Antibodies are investigated in the context of infectious diseases and immune deficiencies, often using methods like ELISA, Western Blot, immunonephelometry, turbidimetry, and measurement of immune complexes in serum/plasma.
