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History of Computer Architecture
In the early days of computer systems, programming was performed by manually setting the position of a large number of switches and plugs and then entering the input data. The output was produced by determining the position of some of the switches. A prime example of a powerful early machine is Colossus, a set of computers developed from 1943 to 1945 to decipher enemy coded messages during the Second World War.
Issues with Early Computer Systems
One of the main issues of early computer systems was that reprogramming through setting switches was very inefficient and time-consuming. Every time a new calculation was programmed, the places of the switches changed and the previous program was lost. Additionally, the computer system had to be reprogrammed for every new set of input data, even if it was to be used by the same calculation.
Stored Program Concept
The stored program concept introduced a memory unit that could store data as well as programs. It allowed for instructions to be fetched from the memory unit and executed one after the other by a processing unit that was designed to perform arithmetic and logical operations. This concept paved the way for the creation of general-purpose computers such as modern-day smartphones, tablets, laptops, and desktop computers.
Manchester Baby
The Manchester Baby, made by the University of Manchester in 1948, was the first electronic computer that applied the stored program concept, including the first type of random access memory (RAM).
ENIAC
The ENIAC, introduced as a project from the University of Pennsylvania in 1946, was the first electronic general-purpose digital computer. It was improved to use... (continuation needed)
First Computer with Random Access Memory (RAM)
The computer made by the University of Manchester in 1948 included the first type of random access memory (RAM).
First Electronic General Purpose Digital Computer
The first electronic general purpose digital computer, ENIAC, was initially presented as a project from the University of Pennsylvania in 1946. It was improved to use a magnetic type of memory in 1953.
Computer Architecture
Computer architecture refers to the end-to-end structure of a computer system that determines how its components interact with each other in helping to execute the machine's purpose, including processing data while avoiding any reference to the actual technical implementation.
Design Elements of Computer Architecture
Computer architecture is concerned with optimizing the performance of a computer system and ensuring that it can execute instructions quickly and efficiently. Key design elements include instruction set architecture, data path design, and control unit design.
Categories of Computer Architecture
There are several categories of computer architecture, including Von Neumann Architecture, Harvard Architecture, Instruction Set Architecture, Microarchitecture, and System Design.
Von Neumann Architecture
Von Neumann proposed his computer architecture design in 1945, known as Von Neumann Architecture. It consists of a Control Unit, Arithmetic and Logical Memory Unit (ALU), Registers, and Inputs/Outputs. It is based on the stored program computer concept where instruction data and program data are stored in the same memory.
Von Neumann Based Computer
A Von Neumann based computer uses a single processor, uses one memory for both instructions and data, and executes programs following the fetch-decode-execute cycle.
Components of Von Neumann Architecture
The Von Neumann architecture consists of four main components: CPU (Central Processing Unit), Memory, Input/Output (I/O) devices, and System Bus.
Addressable Cells
Each containing a fixed number of bits.
Input/Output (IO) Devices
Devices used to communicate with the outside world, such as keyboards, displays, and printers.
System Bus
A collection of wires that connect the CPU, memory, and IO devices, used to transmit data, instructions, and control signals between these components.
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
An electric circuit responsible for executing the instructions of a computer program.
Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
Unit that performs the required micro operations for executing instructions, allowing arithmetic and logic operations to be carried out.
Control Unit
Controls the operations of components like ALU, memory, and input/output devices. It consists of a program counter and an instruction register.
Registers
High-speed storage areas in the CPU from which data is fetched for processing.
Von Neumann Architecture
An architecture with simplicity, flexibility, and efficiency due to instructions and data being stored in the same memory system, allowing easy access without switching between different memory systems.
Von Neumann Architecture - Disadvantages
Shared bus can become a bottleneck with too many connected devices, leading to slow performance and reduced scalability. Also, the CPU can only execute one instruction at a time, limiting overall speed.
Harvard Architecture
A type of computer architecture with separate memory spaces for instructions and data, developed at Harvard University in the 1930s.
Harvard Architecture - Advantages
Separate memory spaces for instructions and data lead to improved performance.
CPU (Harvard Architecture)
Performs all the calculations and operations required to execute instructions.
Instruction Memory (Harvard Architecture)
Memory holding instructions that the CPU needs to execute.
Harvard architecture main components
CPU, Instruction memory, Data memory, Input/output (IO) devices, System bus
CPU's function in Harvard architecture
Performs all the calculations and operations required to execute instructions
Instruction memory in Harvard architecture
Holds instructions that the CPU needs to execute, typically implemented as read-only memory (ROM) or flash memory
Data memory in Harvard architecture
Holds data that the CPU needs to perform computations, typically implemented as random access memory (RAM)
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Computer Architecture History
In the early days of computer systems, programming was performed by manually setting the position of switches and plugs and then entering input data. A prime example of a powerful early machine is Colossus, developed from 1943 to 1945 to decipher enemy coded messages during World War II.
Computer Architecture History
One of the main issues of the early approach was reprogramming through setting switches, which was very inefficient and time-consuming. The stored program concept introduced a new model for computer systems, allowing programs and data to be read from an easy-to-access source.
Stored Program Concept
The stored program concept introduced a memory unit that could store data as well as programs. It allowed instructions to be fetched from the memory unit and executed one after the other by a processing unit designed to perform arithmetic and logical operations. This paved the way for the creation of general-purpose computers such as modern-day smartphones, tablets, laptops, and desktop computers.
First Electronic Computer Applying Stored Program Concept
The first electronic computer applying the stored program concept was the Manchester Baby, made by the University of Manchester in 1948, which included the first type of random access memory (RAM). Later, the first electronic general-purpose digital computer, ENIAC, was introduced as a project from the University of Pennsylvania in 1946.
Computer made by the University of Manchester in 1948 which included the first type of random access memory (RAM)
The computer is the Manchester Baby or Small-Scale Experimental Machine (SSEM), and it included the first practical working version of RAM.
First electronic general purpose digital computer
The first electronic general purpose digital computer is the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), introduced as a project from the University of Pennsylvania in 1946.
Computer Architecture
Computer architecture refers to the end-to-end structure of a computer system that determines how its components interact with each other to execute the machine's purpose, including the CPU, memory, and other hardware components.
Components of Computer Architecture
CPU, memory, control unit, input/output devices, and system bus are the main components of computer architecture.
Von Neumann Architecture (Definition)
Von Neumann architecture refers to the computer architecture design proposed by John von Neumann in 1945, based on the stored program computer concept where instruction data and program data are stored in the same memory.
Von Neumann Architecture (Components)
The Von Neumann architecture consists of a Control Unit, Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU), Registers, and Inputs/Outputs.
Von Neumann Architecture (Key Features)
Uses a single processor, uses one memory for both instructions and data, and executes programs following the fetch-decode-execute cycle.
Von Neumann Architecture (Main Components)
CPU (Central Processing Unit), memory, input/output (I/O) devices, and system bus are the main components of Von Neumann architecture.
Addressable cells containing a fixed number of bits.
Memory
Devices used to communicate with the outside world, such as keyboards, displays, and printers.
Input/Output (I/O) devices
Collection of wires that connect the CPU, memory, and I/O devices, used to transmit data, instructions, and control signals.
System bus
Electric circuit responsible for executing the instructions of a computer program.
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Performs arithmetic (add, subtract, etc.) and logic (AND, OR, NOT, etc.) operations for executing instructions.
Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
Controls the operations of components like ALU, memory, and I/O devices, and contains a program counter and instruction register.
Control Unit
High-speed storage areas in the CPU where data processed by the CPU are fetched from.
Registers
Advantages of Von Neumann Architecture: Simplicity, flexibility, and efficiency.
Advantages of Von Neumann Architecture
One of the main limitations of Von Neumann Architecture.
Disadvantages of Von Neumann Architecture
A type of computer architecture that has separate memory spaces for instructions and data.
Harvard Architecture
Developed at Harvard University in the 1930s and named after the institution.
Harvard Architecture
The CPU accesses instruction and data memory spaces separately in this architecture.
Harvard Architecture
Consists of the central processing unit that performs all the calculations and operations required to execute instructions.
Harvard Architecture: CPU
Memory space that holds instructions that the CPU needs to execute.
Harvard Architecture: Instruction Memory
What are the main components of the Harvard architecture?
1. CPU 2. Instruction memory 3. Data memory 4. Input/output (IO) devices 5. System bus
Advantages of Harvard Architecture
1. CPU can access both instruction and data memory simultaneously 2. Improved performance 3. Instruction memory is non-volatile, suitable for embedded systems
Disadvantages of Harvard Architecture
1. More difficult to write programs that require the CPU to modify its own code 2. More difficult to share data between different parts of a program
What does computer organization refer to?
Computer organization refers to the operational units and their interconnections that implement the architecture specification.
Untitled Deck
Study
History of Computer Architecture
In the early days of computer systems, programming was performed manually by setting the position of switches and plugs, and then entering input data. The stored program concept was introduced, allowing data and programs to be read from an easily accessible source, paving the way for general-purpose computers.
Stored Program Concept
Introduced a memory unit that could store data and programs, allowing for instructions to be fetched from the memory unit and executed one after the other by a processing unit. This concept paved the way for the creation of general-purpose computers such as modern-day smartphones, tablets, laptops, and desktop computers.
Colossus
A set of computers developed from 1943 to 1945 to decipher enemy coded messages during the Second World War, representing a powerful early machine in the history of computer architecture.
Manchester Baby
The first electronic computer that applied the stored program concept, made by the University of Manchester in 1948, and included the first type of random access memory (RAM).
ENIAC
The first electronic general-purpose digital computer, initially presented as a project from the University of Pennsylvania in 1946, and improved for general use.
First Electronic general purpose digital computer
ENIAC created in 1946 by the University of Pennsylvania
Computer Architecture
Refers to the end-to-end structure of a computer system that determines how its components interact with each other in helping to execute the machine's purpose.
Computer Architecture - Definition
Refers to the design of the internal workings of a computer system, including CPU, memory, and other hardware components. Involves decisions about the organization of the hardware, such as the instruction set architecture, the data path design, and the control unit design.
Computer Architecture - Optimization
Concerned with optimizing the performance of a computer system and ensuring that it can execute instructions quickly and efficiently.
Categories of Computer Architecture
Von Neumann Architecture, Harvard Architecture, Instruction Set Architecture, Microarchitecture, System Design.
Von Neumann Architecture - Definition
Proposed by Von Neumann in 1945, it consists of a Control Unit, Arithmetic and Logical Memory Unit (ALU), Registers, and Inputs/Outputs. Based on the stored program computer concept where instruction data and program data are stored in the same memory. Uses a single processor and one memory for both instructions and data.
Von Neumann Architecture - Components
Consists of CPU (central processing unit), memory, input/output (I/O) devices, and system bus. CPU is the brain of the computer, memory holds instructions and data, I/O devices are used to communicate with the outside world, and system bus connects CPU, memory, and I/O devices.
Addressable cells containing a fixed number of bits
Storage cells used to store data in a computer's memory.
Input/Output (IO) devices
Devices like keyboards, displays, and printers used to communicate with the outside world.
System bus
Collection of wires connecting the CPU, memory, and IO devices for transmitting data, instructions, and control signals.
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Electric circuit responsible for executing the instructions of a computer program.
Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
Performs arithmetic (addition, subtraction, etc.) and logic operations (AND, OR, NOT, etc.) for executing instructions.
Control Unit
Controls the operations of components like ALU, memory, and IO devices, with features like program counter and instruction register.
Registers
High-speed storage areas in the CPU used for processing data.
Von Neumann Architecture
Computer architecture with instructions and data stored in the same memory system, allowing easy access for the CPU.
Advantages of Von Neumann Architecture
Simplicity, flexibility, and efficiency in accessing instructions and data without switching memory systems.
Disadvantages of Von Neumann Architecture
Potential for a shared bus bottleneck with slow performance and limited scalability, as well as the ability to execute only one instruction at a time.
Harvard Architecture
Computer architecture with separate memory spaces for instructions and data, designed for improved performance.
Components of Harvard Architecture
CPU, Instruction Memory, and Data Memory spaces accessed separately for calculations and operations.
Harvard architecture components
CPU, Instruction memory, Data memory, Input/output devices, System bus
Advantages of Harvard architecture
CPU can access both instruction and data memory simultaneously, Improved performance, Instruction memory is non-volatile
Disadvantages of Harvard architecture
Difficult to write programs that require the CPU to modify its own code, Difficult to share data between different parts of a program
Computer organization
Operational units and their interconnections that implement the architecture specification
Computer organization concerns
How the components of a computer system are arranged and how they interact to perform the required operations
Physical implementation of architecture design
Concern of computer organization
