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Untitled Deck
Study
1
Question
History of Computer Architecture
Answer
In the early days of computer systems, programming was performed by manually setting the position of a large number of switches and plugs and then entering the input data. The output was produced by determining the position of some of the switches. A prime example of a powerful early machine is Colossus, a set of computers developed from 1943 to 1945 to decipher enemy coded messages during the Second World War.
2
Question
Issues with Early Computer Systems
Answer
One of the main issues of early computer systems was that reprogramming through setting switches was very inefficient and time-consuming. Every time a new calculation was programmed, the places of the switches changed and the previous program was lost. Additionally, the computer system had to be reprogrammed for every new set of input data, even if it was to be used by the same calculation.
3
Question
Stored Program Concept
Answer
The stored program concept introduced a memory unit that could store data as well as programs. It allowed for instructions to be fetched from the memory unit and executed one after the other by a processing unit that was designed to perform arithmetic and logical operations. This concept paved the way for the creation of general-purpose computers such as modern-day smartphones, tablets, laptops, and desktop computers.
4
Question
Manchester Baby
Answer
The Manchester Baby, made by the University of Manchester in 1948, was the first electronic computer that applied the stored program concept, including the first type of random access memory (RAM).
5
Question
ENIAC
Answer
The ENIAC, introduced as a project from the University of Pennsylvania in 1946, was the first electronic general-purpose digital computer. It was improved to use... (continuation needed)
6
Question
First Computer with Random Access Memory (RAM)
Answer
The computer made by the University of Manchester in 1948 included the first type of random access memory (RAM).
7
Question
First Electronic General Purpose Digital Computer
Answer
The first electronic general purpose digital computer, ENIAC, was initially presented as a project from the University of Pennsylvania in 1946. It was improved to use a magnetic type of memory in 1953.
8
Question
Computer Architecture
Answer
Computer architecture refers to the end-to-end structure of a computer system that determines how its components interact with each other in helping to execute the machine's purpose, including processing data while avoiding any reference to the actual technical implementation.
9
Question
Design Elements of Computer Architecture
Answer
Computer architecture is concerned with optimizing the performance of a computer system and ensuring that it can execute instructions quickly and efficiently. Key design elements include instruction set architecture, data path design, and control unit design.
10
Question
Categories of Computer Architecture
Answer
There are several categories of computer architecture, including Von Neumann Architecture, Harvard Architecture, Instruction Set Architecture, Microarchitecture, and System Design.
11
Question
Von Neumann Architecture
Answer
Von Neumann proposed his computer architecture design in 1945, known as Von Neumann Architecture. It consists of a Control Unit, Arithmetic and Logical Memory Unit (ALU), Registers, and Inputs/Outputs. It is based on the stored program computer concept where instruction data and program data are stored in the same memory.
12
Question
Von Neumann Based Computer
Answer
A Von Neumann based computer uses a single processor, uses one memory for both instructions and data, and executes programs following the fetch-decode-execute cycle.
13
Question
Components of Von Neumann Architecture
Answer
The Von Neumann architecture consists of four main components: CPU (Central Processing Unit), Memory, Input/Output (I/O) devices, and System Bus.
14
Question
Addressable Cells
Answer
Each containing a fixed number of bits.
15
Question
Input/Output (IO) Devices
Answer
Devices used to communicate with the outside world, such as keyboards, displays, and printers.
16
Question
System Bus
Answer
A collection of wires that connect the CPU, memory, and IO devices, used to transmit data, instructions, and control signals between these components.
17
Question
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Answer
An electric circuit responsible for executing the instructions of a computer program.
18
Question
Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
Answer
Unit that performs the required micro operations for executing instructions, allowing arithmetic and logic operations to be carried out.
19
Question
Control Unit
Answer
Controls the operations of components like ALU, memory, and input/output devices. It consists of a program counter and an instruction register.
20
Question
Registers
Answer
High-speed storage areas in the CPU from which data is fetched for processing.
21
Question
Von Neumann Architecture
Answer
An architecture with simplicity, flexibility, and efficiency due to instructions and data being stored in the same memory system, allowing easy access without switching between different memory systems.
22
Question
Von Neumann Architecture - Disadvantages
Answer
Shared bus can become a bottleneck with too many connected devices, leading to slow performance and reduced scalability. Also, the CPU can only execute one instruction at a time, limiting overall speed.
23
Question
Harvard Architecture
Answer
A type of computer architecture with separate memory spaces for instructions and data, developed at Harvard University in the 1930s.
24
Question
Harvard Architecture - Advantages
Answer
Separate memory spaces for instructions and data lead to improved performance.
25
Question
CPU (Harvard Architecture)
Answer
Performs all the calculations and operations required to execute instructions.
26
Question
Instruction Memory (Harvard Architecture)
Answer
Memory holding instructions that the CPU needs to execute.
27
Question
Harvard architecture main components
Answer
CPU, Instruction memory, Data memory, Input/output (IO) devices, System bus
28
Question
CPU's function in Harvard architecture
Answer
Performs all the calculations and operations required to execute instructions
29
Question
Instruction memory in Harvard architecture
Answer
Holds instructions that the CPU needs to execute, typically implemented as read-only memory (ROM) or flash memory
30
Question
Data memory in Harvard architecture
Answer
Holds data that the CPU needs to perform computations, typically implemented as random access memory (RAM)
Untitled Deck
Study
1
Question
Computer Architecture History
Answer
In the early days of computer systems, programming was performed by manually setting the position of switches and plugs and then entering input data. A prime example of a powerful early machine is Colossus, developed from 1943 to 1945 to decipher enemy coded messages during World War II.
2
Question
Computer Architecture History
Answer
One of the main issues of the early approach was reprogramming through setting switches, which was very inefficient and time-consuming. The stored program concept introduced a new model for computer systems, allowing programs and data to be read from an easy-to-access source.
3
Question
Stored Program Concept
Answer
The stored program concept introduced a memory unit that could store data as well as programs. It allowed instructions to be fetched from the memory unit and executed one after the other by a processing unit designed to perform arithmetic and logical operations. This paved the way for the creation of general-purpose computers such as modern-day smartphones, tablets, laptops, and desktop computers.
4
Question
First Electronic Computer Applying Stored Program Concept
Answer
The first electronic computer applying the stored program concept was the Manchester Baby, made by the University of Manchester in 1948, which included the first type of random access memory (RAM). Later, the first electronic general-purpose digital computer, ENIAC, was introduced as a project from the University of Pennsylvania in 1946.
5
Question
Computer made by the University of Manchester in 1948 which included the first type of random access memory (RAM)
Answer
The computer is the Manchester Baby or Small-Scale Experimental Machine (SSEM), and it included the first practical working version of RAM.
6
Question
First electronic general purpose digital computer
Answer
The first electronic general purpose digital computer is the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), introduced as a project from the University of Pennsylvania in 1946.
7
Question
Computer Architecture
Answer
Computer architecture refers to the end-to-end structure of a computer system that determines how its components interact with each other to execute the machine's purpose, including the CPU, memory, and other hardware components.
8
Question
Components of Computer Architecture
Answer
CPU, memory, control unit, input/output devices, and system bus are the main components of computer architecture.
9
Question
Von Neumann Architecture (Definition)
Answer
Von Neumann architecture refers to the computer architecture design proposed by John von Neumann in 1945, based on the stored program computer concept where instruction data and program data are stored in the same memory.
10
Question
Von Neumann Architecture (Components)
Answer
The Von Neumann architecture consists of a Control Unit, Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU), Registers, and Inputs/Outputs.
11
Question
Von Neumann Architecture (Key Features)
Answer
Uses a single processor, uses one memory for both instructions and data, and executes programs following the fetch-decode-execute cycle.
12
Question
Von Neumann Architecture (Main Components)
Answer
CPU (Central Processing Unit), memory, input/output (I/O) devices, and system bus are the main components of Von Neumann architecture.
13
Question
Addressable cells containing a fixed number of bits.
Answer
Memory
14
Question
Devices used to communicate with the outside world, such as keyboards, displays, and printers.
Answer
Input/Output (I/O) devices
15
Question
Collection of wires that connect the CPU, memory, and I/O devices, used to transmit data, instructions, and control signals.
Answer
System bus
16
Question
Electric circuit responsible for executing the instructions of a computer program.
Answer
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
17
Question
Performs arithmetic (add, subtract, etc.) and logic (AND, OR, NOT, etc.) operations for executing instructions.
Answer
Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
18
Question
Controls the operations of components like ALU, memory, and I/O devices, and contains a program counter and instruction register.
Answer
Control Unit
19
Question
High-speed storage areas in the CPU where data processed by the CPU are fetched from.
Answer
Registers
20
Question
Advantages of Von Neumann Architecture: Simplicity, flexibility, and efficiency.
Answer
Advantages of Von Neumann Architecture
21
Question
One of the main limitations of Von Neumann Architecture.
Answer
Disadvantages of Von Neumann Architecture
22
Question
A type of computer architecture that has separate memory spaces for instructions and data.
Answer
Harvard Architecture
23
Question
Developed at Harvard University in the 1930s and named after the institution.
Answer
Harvard Architecture
24
Question
The CPU accesses instruction and data memory spaces separately in this architecture.
Answer
Harvard Architecture
25
Question
Consists of the central processing unit that performs all the calculations and operations required to execute instructions.
Answer
Harvard Architecture: CPU
26
Question
Memory space that holds instructions that the CPU needs to execute.
Answer
Harvard Architecture: Instruction Memory
27
Question
What are the main components of the Harvard architecture?
Answer
1. CPU 2. Instruction memory 3. Data memory 4. Input/output (IO) devices 5. System bus
28
Question
Advantages of Harvard Architecture
Answer
1. CPU can access both instruction and data memory simultaneously 2. Improved performance 3. Instruction memory is non-volatile, suitable for embedded systems
29
Question
Disadvantages of Harvard Architecture
Answer
1. More difficult to write programs that require the CPU to modify its own code 2. More difficult to share data between different parts of a program
30
Question
What does computer organization refer to?
Answer
Computer organization refers to the operational units and their interconnections that implement the architecture specification.
Untitled Deck
Study
1
Question
History of Computer Architecture
Answer
In the early days of computer systems, programming was performed manually by setting the position of switches and plugs, and then entering input data. The stored program concept was introduced, allowing data and programs to be read from an easily accessible source, paving the way for general-purpose computers.
2
Question
Stored Program Concept
Answer
Introduced a memory unit that could store data and programs, allowing for instructions to be fetched from the memory unit and executed one after the other by a processing unit. This concept paved the way for the creation of general-purpose computers such as modern-day smartphones, tablets, laptops, and desktop computers.
3
Question
Colossus
Answer
A set of computers developed from 1943 to 1945 to decipher enemy coded messages during the Second World War, representing a powerful early machine in the history of computer architecture.
4
Question
Manchester Baby
Answer
The first electronic computer that applied the stored program concept, made by the University of Manchester in 1948, and included the first type of random access memory (RAM).
5
Question
ENIAC
Answer
The first electronic general-purpose digital computer, initially presented as a project from the University of Pennsylvania in 1946, and improved for general use.
6
Question
First Electronic general purpose digital computer
Answer
ENIAC created in 1946 by the University of Pennsylvania
7
Question
Computer Architecture
Answer
Refers to the end-to-end structure of a computer system that determines how its components interact with each other in helping to execute the machine's purpose.
8
Question
Computer Architecture - Definition
Answer
Refers to the design of the internal workings of a computer system, including CPU, memory, and other hardware components. Involves decisions about the organization of the hardware, such as the instruction set architecture, the data path design, and the control unit design.
9
Question
Computer Architecture - Optimization
Answer
Concerned with optimizing the performance of a computer system and ensuring that it can execute instructions quickly and efficiently.
10
Question
Categories of Computer Architecture
Answer
Von Neumann Architecture, Harvard Architecture, Instruction Set Architecture, Microarchitecture, System Design.
11
Question
Von Neumann Architecture - Definition
Answer
Proposed by Von Neumann in 1945, it consists of a Control Unit, Arithmetic and Logical Memory Unit (ALU), Registers, and Inputs/Outputs. Based on the stored program computer concept where instruction data and program data are stored in the same memory. Uses a single processor and one memory for both instructions and data.
12
Question
Von Neumann Architecture - Components
Answer
Consists of CPU (central processing unit), memory, input/output (I/O) devices, and system bus. CPU is the brain of the computer, memory holds instructions and data, I/O devices are used to communicate with the outside world, and system bus connects CPU, memory, and I/O devices.
13
Question
Addressable cells containing a fixed number of bits
Answer
Storage cells used to store data in a computer's memory.
14
Question
Input/Output (IO) devices
Answer
Devices like keyboards, displays, and printers used to communicate with the outside world.
15
Question
System bus
Answer
Collection of wires connecting the CPU, memory, and IO devices for transmitting data, instructions, and control signals.
16
Question
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Answer
Electric circuit responsible for executing the instructions of a computer program.
17
Question
Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
Answer
Performs arithmetic (addition, subtraction, etc.) and logic operations (AND, OR, NOT, etc.) for executing instructions.
18
Question
Control Unit
Answer
Controls the operations of components like ALU, memory, and IO devices, with features like program counter and instruction register.
19
Question
Registers
Answer
High-speed storage areas in the CPU used for processing data.
20
Question
Von Neumann Architecture
Answer
Computer architecture with instructions and data stored in the same memory system, allowing easy access for the CPU.
21
Question
Advantages of Von Neumann Architecture
Answer
Simplicity, flexibility, and efficiency in accessing instructions and data without switching memory systems.
22
Question
Disadvantages of Von Neumann Architecture
Answer
Potential for a shared bus bottleneck with slow performance and limited scalability, as well as the ability to execute only one instruction at a time.
23
Question
Harvard Architecture
Answer
Computer architecture with separate memory spaces for instructions and data, designed for improved performance.
24
Question
Components of Harvard Architecture
Answer
CPU, Instruction Memory, and Data Memory spaces accessed separately for calculations and operations.
25
Question
Harvard architecture components
Answer
CPU, Instruction memory, Data memory, Input/output devices, System bus
26
Question
Advantages of Harvard architecture
Answer
CPU can access both instruction and data memory simultaneously, Improved performance, Instruction memory is non-volatile
27
Question
Disadvantages of Harvard architecture
Answer
Difficult to write programs that require the CPU to modify its own code, Difficult to share data between different parts of a program
28
Question
Computer organization
Answer
Operational units and their interconnections that implement the architecture specification
29
Question
Computer organization concerns
Answer
How the components of a computer system are arranged and how they interact to perform the required operations
30
Question
Physical implementation of architecture design
Answer
Concern of computer organization