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ch 34&35
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ch 34&35
ch 34
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What is the main function of the circulatory system?
The main function of the circulatory system is to transport oxygen, nutrients, and waste products throughout the body.
What does the circulatory system consist of?
The circulatory system consists of blood, the heart, blood vessels, and the lymphatic system.
What are the functions of the lymphatic system?
The lymphatic system is considered part of the circulatory and immune systems, and it helps transport important substances and fight diseases.
What are the components of blood vessels?
Blood vessels consist of arteries, capillaries, and veins, each with their own specific functions in the circulation of blood throughout the body.
Describe the structure and function of arteries.
Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart and have strong, elastic, and durable walls that can withstand high blood pressures. They are composed of three layers: connective tissue, smooth muscle, and endothelial tissue.
Describe the structure and function of capillaries.
Capillaries are microscopic blood vessels where the exchange of important substances and wastes occurs. Their thin walls facilitate the easy exchange of materials between the blood and body cells through diffusion, and they allow red blood cells to move single-file through them.
What happens to blood vessels during exercise?
During exercise, muscle capillaries expand or dilate to increase blood flow to working muscles, supplying more oxygen to cells and removing extra wastes from cells.
What is the function of veins in the circulatory system?
Veins carry oxygen-poor blood back to the heart, and their walls are thinner than those of arteries. They rely on muscle contractions, valves, and breathing movements to keep the blood moving.
Describe the structure and function of the heart.
The heart is a muscular organ divided into four chambers: the right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, and left ventricle. It pumps oxygenated blood to the body and deoxygenated blood to the lungs, with valves ensuring one-directional blood flow.
How does the heart beat and maintain circulation?
The heart beats in two main phases, with the atria filling with blood and then contracting, followed by the ventricles contracting to pump blood out of the heart. The heart's pacemaker (SA node) regulates the heart rate, and the alternating expansion and relaxation of artery walls create the pulse that corresponds to the heartbeat.
What is the function of blood pressure in the circulatory system?
Blood pressure is a measure of the pressure exerted against vessel walls by the blood, providing information about the condition of arteries. It rises during heart contraction (systole) and falls during relaxation (diastole), reflecting the heart's pumping activity.
Describe the blood flow to the lungs and back in the circulatory system.
Deoxygenated blood from the body flows into the right atrium, moves to the right ventricle, and is then pumped into the pulmonary arteries leading to the lungs. In the lungs, oxygen diffuses into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out, resulting in oxygenated blood returning to the left atrium to be pumped out to the body.
Describe the blood flow to the body and back in the circulatory system.
Oxygenated blood from the lungs moves from the left atrium to the left ventricle, which then pumps the blood into the aorta, leading to capillaries throughout the body. In the capillaries, oxygen is released to body cells, and carbon dioxide is taken up by the blood, resulting in deoxygenated blood flowing back to the right atrium through veins.
What are the components of blood and their functions?
Blood components include plasma, red blood cells, platelets, and white blood cells. Plasma carries nutrients, waste products, hormones, and minerals, while red blood cells carry oxygen, platelets help in blood clotting, and white blood cells fight off infections.
What are the different types of blood?
The four types of blood are A, B, AB, and O. These blood types have specific markers on the surface of red blood cells, and they determine compatibility for blood transfusions. The Rh factor is another marker that can cause complications during transfusions and pregnancies.
What is the role of antibodies in blood transfusions?
Plasma contains antibodies that recognize foreign markers on red blood cells and cause clumping. This means that a person can only receive compatible blood types during a transfusion. The Rh factor can also lead to complications if an Rh-negative person receives Rh-positive blood.
What are some disorders associated with the circulatory system?
Disorders such as blood clots, atherosclerosis, and complications from incompatible blood transfusions can affect the function of the circulatory system, leading to reduced flow of oxygen-rich and nutrient-rich blood.
ch 35
Study
What are the three main functions of the digestive system?
The digestive system ingests food, breaks it down for nutrient absorption, and eliminates undigested material.
What is mechanical digestion?
Mechanical digestion involves chewing food to break it down into smaller pieces and the action of smooth muscles in the stomach and small intestine that churn the food.
What is chemical digestion and how does it occur in the mouth?
Chemical digestion involves the breakdown of large molecules in food into smaller substances by enzymes. In the mouth, amylase, an enzyme in saliva, begins the process of chemical digestion by breaking down starches into sugars.
What is the esophagus and how does it move food?
The esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the throat to the stomach. It moves food through rhythmic contractions called peristalsis.
What is the function of the stomach and how does it aid digestion?
The stomach further breaks down food with its muscular walls and mixes it with gastric gland secretions. It also provides an acidic environment favorable for pepsin, an enzyme involved in the chemical digestion of proteins.
What are the main functions of the small intestine and what organs support its digestion process?
The small intestine continues mechanical digestion and uses enzymes to complete chemical digestion. The pancreas, liver, and gallbladder support its digestion process.
What is the primary role of the large intestine?
The primary role of the large intestine is to absorb water from the chyme and eliminate indigestible materials as feces through the anus.
What is the unit used to measure the energy content of foods?
A Calorie (with an uppercase C) is the unit used to measure the energy content of foods.
What are carbohydrates and how are they broken down in the digestive tract?
Carbohydrates are sugars and starches found in foods. They are broken down into simple sugars in the digestive tract and absorbed through villi in the small intestine.
What are the different types of fats and how are they digested?
Fats are classified as saturated or unsaturated. They are digested in the small intestine and broken down into fatty acids and glycerol.
What are proteins and how are they processed in the body?
Proteins are basic structural components of cells, and during digestion, they are broken down into amino acids that are absorbed into the bloodstream and used for protein synthesis in cells.
What are essential amino acids and where are they commonly found?
Essential amino acids are the eight amino acids that must be included in a person's diet. Animal products are common sources of all eight essential amino acids.
What is the food pyramid and what does it communicate about nutrient intake?
The food pyramid communicates that a person needs more nutrients from grains and vegetables than from meats and oils.
What are vitamins and why are they important in the diet?
Vitamins are organic compounds needed in small amounts for metabolic activities. They help enzymes function properly and are essential for overall health.
