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Untitled Deck

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1

Question

Comparative Physiology

Answer

The study of physiology in different vertebrates and invertebrates, comparing animals to humans.  

2

Question

Physiological Research

Answer

The study of the functioning of cells, organs, and organ systems.

3

Question

Physiology

Answer

The study of biological function, specifically how the body works from molecular mechanisms within cells to the actions of tissues, organs, and systems.

4

Question

Homeostasis

Answer

A state of relative constancy in the internal environment of the body, maintained by feedback control systems.

5

Question

 'Pathophysiology

Answer

The study of how physiological processes are altered in disease or injury.

6

Question

Effectors

Answer

Muscles or glands that produce the desired effects in response to signals from the integrating center.

7

Question

Negative Feedback Loop

Answer

A regulatory mechanism in which changes in the body stimulate sensors that send information to an integrating center, which then detects changes from a set point and relays messages to effectors to produce a response in the opposite direction.

8

Question

Positive Feedback Loop

Answer

A regulatory mechanism in which the action of effectors amplifies the changes that stimulated their activity.

9

Question

Antagonistic Effectors

Answer

Effectors with opposing actions, where the increasing activity of one effector is accompanied by the decreasing activity of an antagonistic effector.

10

Question

Intrinsic Regulation

Answer

 -Regulation of organs by internal mechanisms within the organ itself.

11

Question

Extrinsic Regulation

Answer

Regulation of organs by the ner vousand endocrine systems.

12

Question

Nervous System

Answer

The system that controls the secretion of many endocrine glands and integrates with the endocrine system to regulate body processes and maintain homeostasis.

13

Question

Cell

Answer

The basic unit of structure and function in the body.

14

Question

Endocrine System

Answer

The system of glands that secrete hormones into the blood to regulate body processes and maintain homeostasis.

15

Question

Hormones

Answer

Chemical regulators secreted by endocrine glands in response to specific stimuli, which affect the function of specific organs.

16

Question

Tissues

Answer

Groups of cells with similar functions, categorized into four main primary tissues: muscle, nervous, epithelial, and connective.

17

Question

Organs

Answer

Structural and functional units made up of groupings of primary tissues, which are further grouped together into systems.

18

Question

Muscle Tissue

Answer

Specialized for contraction, with three types: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth, each with specific characteristics and functions.

19

Question

Striated Muscle

Answer

Muscle tissue with striations or stripes that extend across its width, including both skeletal and cardiac muscles.

20

Question

Human Physiology

Answer

1The study of how the human body functions, with an emphasis on cause-and-effect mechanisms. 

21

Question

Scientific Method

Answer

The process by which knowledge in human physiology is obtained, involving observation, hypothesis formation, experimentation, and analysis of results.

22

Question

Body Functions

Answer

The physiological processes and activities that occur within the human body.

23

Question

Cause and Effect Mechanisms

Answer

The relationship between a cause (an event or action) and its effect (the outcome or result).

24

Question

Scientific Method

Answer

A systematic and logical approach used by scientists to investigate and understand phenomena, which involves observation, hypothesis formulation, experimentation, data analysis, and conclusion.

Untitled Deck

Study

1

Question

What is muscle tissue?

Answer

Muscle tissue is specialized for contraction. There are three types of muscle tissue: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth.

2

Question

What is skeletal tissue?

Answer

Skeletal muscle is often called voluntary muscle because its contraction is consciously controlled. Both skeletal and cardiac muscles are striated.

3

Question

Where is skeletal muscle found?

Answer

Skeletal muscles are generally attached to bones at both ends by means of tendons. Exceptions include the tongue, superior portion of the esophagus, anal sphincter, and diaphragm.

4

Question

How is skeletal muscle formed?

Answer

Beginning at about the fourth week of embryonic development, separate cells called myoblasts fuse together to form skeletal muscle fibers or myofibers. Each myofiber is a syncytium or multinucleate mass formed from the union of separate cells.

5

Question

What is smooth muscle?

Answer

Smooth muscle is found in the digestive tract, blood vessels, bronchioles, and the ducts of the urinary and reproductive systems. It is responsible for peristalsis, the coordinated wavelike contractions that push food through the digestive tract.

6

Question

What is epithelial tissue?

Answer

Epithelial tissue consists of cells that form membranes which cover and line the body surfaces. It also includes glands, which can be classified as exocrine glands or endocrine glands.

7

Question

What is cardiac muscle?

Answer

Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart. The myocardial cells are short, branched, and intimately interconnected to form a continuous fabric. They are characterized by intercalated discs, which mechanically and electrically couple the cells together.

8

Question

What are epithelial membranes?

Answer

Epithelial membranes cover all body surfaces and line the cavity (lumen) of every hollow organ. They provide a barrier between the external environment and the internal environment of the body. Stratified epithelial membranes are specialized for protection, while simple epithelial membranes transport substances between the internal and external environments.

9

Question

What is connective tissue?

Answer

Connective tissue is characterized by large amounts of extracellular material between the different types of cells. There are four types of primary connective tissue: connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, and blood.

10

Question

What is blood?

Answer

Blood is a type of connective tissue in which about half its volume is an extracellular fluid called plasma.

11

Question

What is connective tissue proper?

Answer

Connective tissue proper has a matrix consisting of protein fibers and a gel-like ground substance. It is divided into subtypes: loose connective tissue (areolar connective tissue), dense regular connective tissue, and adipose tissue.

12

Question

What is nervous tissue?

Answer

Nervous tissue consists of neurons, which are specialized for the generation and conduction of electrical events, and neuroglial or glial cells, which serve to bind neurons together and modify the extracellular environment of the nervous system.

13

Question

What are neurons?

Answer

Neurons consist of a cell body, dendrites, and an axon. They are the basic units of nerve cells and are responsible for conducting nerve impulses.

14

Question

What is cartilage?

Answer

Cartilage consists of cells called chondrocytes surrounded by a semisolid ground substance that imparts elastic properties to the tissue. It is a type of supportive and protective tissue commonly called gristle.

15

Question

What is bone?

Answer

Bone is produced as concentric layers or lamellae of calcified material laid around blood vessels. Bone cells are called osteoblasts.

16

Question

What are neuroglial cells?

Answer

Neuroglial cells do not conduct impulses but instead serve to bind neurons together and modify the extracellular environment of the nervous system.

17

Question

What are the functions of neuroglial cells?

Answer

The functions of neuroglial cells include supporting and protecting neurons, providing a framework for neuronal connections, regulating the extracellular environment, and assisting in the repair and regeneration of nervous tissue.

18

Question

Describe the structure of two kinds of neurons.

Answer

Motor neurons have a cell body, dendrites, and an axon. Sensory neurons have two processes. Bipolar neurons, found in the retina and cochlea, have two processes. Multipolar neurons, which are motor neurons and interneurons, have many dendrites and one axon.

19

Question

What are astrocytes?

Answer

Astrocytes are a type of neuroglial cell with processes that end on capillaries and neurons. They play a role in the uptake of glucose and neurotransmitters, and help supply energy substrates for neurons.

20

Question

What is the role of astrocyte endfeet?

Answer

Astrocyte endfeet take up glucose from blood capillaries and use it to help supply energy substrates for neurons.

21

Question

What do astrocytes do with the neurotransmitter glutamate?

Answer

Astrocytes take up glutamate from synapses and convert it to glutamine (GLN), which is then recycled to the neurons.