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Chapter 1
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Chapter 1
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1
Question
Operating System Definiton
Answer
The operating system is the kernel program and nothing more.
2
Question
What are the components of a computer system?
Answer
Hardware and software
3
Question
What is included in hardware?
Answer
Processors, I/O devices, memory, and secondary storage
4
Question
What is included in software?
Answer
Operating system and applications
5
Question
What is the purpose of the operating system?
Answer
To interact directly with the hardware
6
Question
What is included in the application layer of software?
Answer
Software development tools, web browsers, media editors and viewers, shells, commands, etc.
7
Question
Where is user data located in the computer system?
Answer
In the application layer
8
Question
Layered Structure of Computer System
Answer
The components of a computer system form a sequence of layers: users (people and/or devices) application layer (applications, shells, commands) operating system hardware layer (processors, memory,devices, etc.) Only adjacent layers have interactions with each other. For example, • applications do not directly communicate with or control hardware, and • users only interact with the application layer (which includes shells like bash in Linux.)
9
Question
Users
Answer
People and/or devices that interact with the computer system.
10
Question
Application Layer
Answer
Layer of a computer system that includes applications, shells, and commands.
11
Question
Operating System
Answer
Software that manages and controls the computer hardware and provides services to applications.
12
Question
Hardware Layer
Answer
Layer of a computer system that includes processors, memory, devices, etc.
13
Question
Operating System Requirements
Answer
The operating system has three important responsibilities: 1. Control hardware resources 2. Enable and control execution of software 3. Allow users to develop, run, and manage applications and data
14
Question
User Requirements
Answer
Users want efficient use of time, secure data, convenience and ease of use, and selective sharing of data and applications
15
Question
Value Creation
Answer
Computer exists to produce value for its owner; more productive computer leads to more value creation
16
Question
Additional Requirements
Answer
Efficient resource utilization, protection against abuses, resource allocation among users
17
Question
Managing Resources
Answer
Operating system should allow reliable sharing of data and applications
18
Question
Security and Protection
Answer
Operating system should provide security and protection for hardware and software
19
Question
Error Handling and Recovery
Answer
Operating system should provide robust error handling and recovery
20
Question
Resource Allocation
Answer
Operating system should allocate resources fairly, maximize throughput, minimize response time, and maximize hardware utilization
21
Question
Program execution
Answer
Loading and executing programs; providing synchronization, communication, and security
22
Question
I/O operations
Answer
Providing all I/O services to users and applications
23
Question
File systems
Answer
Creating and maintaining file systems and means of manipulating them
24
Question
Communication
Answer
Providing mechanisms that allow programs to communicate with each other
25
Question
Error detection and recovery
Answer
Detecting and handling error conditions
26
Question
Protection and security
Answer
Preventing unauthorized or improper access to all resources, and protecting users from each other's attempts to invade privacy or corrupt data
27
Question
Accounting
Answer
Monitoring and recording various performance and utilization metrics, for both users and the system
28
Question
What are system programs?
Answer
System programs are typically programs shipped or downloaded when the operating system is installed.
29
Question
Examples of system programs
Answer
Software updaters/package managers, compilers, linkers, loaders, debuggers, file management commands
30
Question
Where are system programs found on a Linux system?
Answer
System programs are found in the directories /bin, /usr/bin, /usr/sbin, and /sbin.