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Chapter 1
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Operating System Definiton
The operating system is the kernel program and nothing more.
What are the components of a computer system?
Hardware and software
What is included in hardware?
Processors, I/O devices, memory, and secondary storage
What is included in software?
Operating system and applications
What is the purpose of the operating system?
To interact directly with the hardware
What is included in the application layer of software?
Software development tools, web browsers, media editors and viewers, shells, commands, etc.
Where is user data located in the computer system?
In the application layer
Layered Structure of Computer System
The components of a computer system form a sequence of layers: users (people and/or devices) application layer (applications, shells, commands) operating system hardware layer (processors, memory,devices, etc.) Only adjacent layers have interactions with each other. For example, • applications do not directly communicate with or control hardware, and • users only interact with the application layer (which includes shells like bash in Linux.)
Users
People and/or devices that interact with the computer system.
Application Layer
Layer of a computer system that includes applications, shells, and commands.
Operating System
Software that manages and controls the computer hardware and provides services to applications.
Hardware Layer
Layer of a computer system that includes processors, memory, devices, etc.
Operating System Requirements
The operating system has three important responsibilities: 1. Control hardware resources 2. Enable and control execution of software 3. Allow users to develop, run, and manage applications and data
User Requirements
Users want efficient use of time, secure data, convenience and ease of use, and selective sharing of data and applications
Value Creation
Computer exists to produce value for its owner; more productive computer leads to more value creation
Additional Requirements
Efficient resource utilization, protection against abuses, resource allocation among users
Managing Resources
Operating system should allow reliable sharing of data and applications
Security and Protection
Operating system should provide security and protection for hardware and software
Error Handling and Recovery
Operating system should provide robust error handling and recovery
Resource Allocation
Operating system should allocate resources fairly, maximize throughput, minimize response time, and maximize hardware utilization
Program execution
Loading and executing programs; providing synchronization, communication, and security
I/O operations
Providing all I/O services to users and applications
File systems
Creating and maintaining file systems and means of manipulating them
Communication
Providing mechanisms that allow programs to communicate with each other
Error detection and recovery
Detecting and handling error conditions
Protection and security
Preventing unauthorized or improper access to all resources, and protecting users from each other's attempts to invade privacy or corrupt data
Accounting
Monitoring and recording various performance and utilization metrics, for both users and the system
What are system programs?
System programs are typically programs shipped or downloaded when the operating system is installed.
Examples of system programs
Software updaters/package managers, compilers, linkers, loaders, debuggers, file management commands
Where are system programs found on a Linux system?
System programs are found in the directories /bin, /usr/bin, /usr/sbin, and /sbin.
