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Oral Communication
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Oral Communication
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Oral Communication
A process consisting of sound representations which involves SPEAKING and LISTENING
Listener
Observes the speaker's verbal and non-verbal gestures
6 Stages of Oral Communication
1. Stimulus 2. Brain 3. Encoded into language/symbols 4. Externalize thoughts 5. Logically arrange 6. Sound waves
Five Elements of Communication
1. Sender 2. Message 3. Channel 4. Feedback 5. Noise 6. Setting
Communication Models
Illustrations of how communication occurs
Aristotle Model
The simplest model with three elements: sender, message, receiver
Wendell Johnson Model
A physiologically based model that focuses on the main elements of communication: event, sensory stimulation, pre-verbal neurophysiological state, transformation to symbolic forms, verbal formulations
Berlos Model
Uses S M C R as key components of communication: Sender, Message, Channel, Receiver
Non-verbal Communication
A form of communication that shares ideas, insights, information, experiences, etc., without the use of words
Body Kinetics
Body movements that have a direct translation into words
Paralanguage
The way of saying something, including rate, pitch, volume, and quality
Body Types
Different body types can also communicate a message
Attractiveness
Physical attributes that can affect communication
Body Adornment
Clothes, jewelry, makeup, etc., that can affect communication
Space and Distance
The distance between people can affect communication
Touch
Physical contact that can indicate a relationship
Time
Punctuality and lateness can affect communication
Barriers to Effective Interpersonal Communication
Stress, lack of focus, inconsistent body language, negative body language
Guides to Improve Communication Skills
Be an attentive listener, observe non-verbal signals, minimize distractions, exhibit interest, avoid judgment, consider feedback
Verbal communication should reinforce what it said, not contradict it.
Negative body language when you disagree with something, you tend to do negative nonverbal communication.
Guides to improve a person's communication skills
1. Be an attentive listener 2. Observe nonverbal signals 3. Be stress-free during communication 4. Be assertive 5. Intercultural communication
Ways to be an attentive listener
1. Closely observe the speaker, their nonverbal cues are also important. 2. Make sure your ears are in condition, as they can detect someone's emotional nuances. 3. Minimize distractions and redirect the conversation to all concerns, be direct to the topic. 4. Exhibit gestures to imply interest in what is heard, nod or smile. 5. Don't be judgmental, try to understand someone without bias. 6. Always consider feedback, accept your wrong for personal growth.
Effective communication skills are a two-way street: received and understood by someone.
Engaged listening and nonverbal communication.
Observing nonverbal signals
Includes facial expressions, body movement, and gestures. Read nonverbal communication with awareness of individual differences such as age, culture, religion, gender, etc. Look at nonverbal communication signals as a group, considering factors like eye contact and tone of voice.
Delivering nonverbal communication
Use nonverbal cues that match up with your words. Give contextual nonverbal signals. Use a different tone when talking to a child compared to an adult. Use body language to express positive feelings.
Being stress-free during communication
Be aware of and control your emotions. Stay calm despite pressure by composing yourself before speaking, organizing your thoughts, sharing ideas one by one, speaking clearly, and summarizing ideas clearly.
Being assertive
Express your thoughts, feelings, and needs confidently. Respect the opinions of others. Know your goals and ambitions. Be a positive thinker and receive feedback positively.
Intercultural communication aims to impart information, ideas, insights, and opinions across cultures and social communities.
It involves understanding how people from different places act and interact, considering cultural backgrounds, thought patterns, significant customs, and language.
Challenges in intercultural communication
1. Message transmission: Communication between people from the same culture may be interpreted differently by people from different cultures. 2. Attribution: People look for explanations of another person's behavior. 3. Adaptation: Management of intercultural communication to avoid misinterpretations.
How to avoid misinterpretations in intercultural communication
1. Develop cultural sensitivity. 2. Anticipate the meaning the receiver will get. 3. Be careful with encoding. 4. Use words, pictures, and gestures. 5. Avoid slang, idioms, and regional sayings.
