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Week 1
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Study
Anatomy
The study of the structure of the body with an emphasis on how it relates to function.
Histology
Taking samples of tissues and viewing them under a microscope.
Surface Anatomy
The external structure of the body and is especially important in conducting a physical examination of a patient.
Systemic Anatomy
The study of one organ at a time.
Regional Anatomy
The study of multiple organ systems at the same time in a given region of the body.
Radiologic Anatomy
The study of the body using medical imaging.
Gross Anatomy
The study of structures visible to the naked eye either by surface observation or dissection.
Comparative Anatomy
The study of the similarities and differences in the anatomy of different species.
Physiology
The study of dynamic processes in the living body and how organisms function.
Inspection
Looking at the surface of the body.
Dissection
Cutting and separating tissues to reveal relationships between structures.
Palpation
Feeling structures with fingertips. Example: Feeling a pulse.
Auscultation
Listening to natural sounds made by the body. Example: Heartbeats.
Percussion
Tapping on the body and listening to the sound for signs of abnormalities. Can also be used to check reflexes.
Medical Imaging
Methods of viewing the inside of the body without surgery. Includes CT, MRI, PET, and Sonography.
CT (Computed Tomography)
Patient is moved through a ring-shaped machine that emits low-intensity x-rays on one side and receives them with a detector on the opposite side. Produces an image of a slice of the body as thin as a coin. Ideal for imaging thin sections of the body with little organ overlap. Image is sharper than conventional x-ray.
MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
Patient lies in a tube or open-sided scanner with a powerful electromagnet. Hydrogen atoms in the body align themselves with the magnetic field, generating signals that the computer analyzes to produce an anatomical image. Better than CT for visualizing soft tissues. Disadvantages include claustrophobia and long exposure times.
fMRI (functional MRI)
A type of MRI that visualizes moment-to-moment changes in tissue function.
PET (Position Emission Tomography)
Used to assess the metabolic state of a tissue and distinguish which areas are most active. Uses an injection with radioisotopes to highlight the tissues that are most actively consuming energy at the moment of the scan.
Sonography
Uses a device placed on the skin which emits high-frequency ultrasound and receives signals reflected back from internal organs. Equipment is inexpensive and portable. Useful for imaging motion.
Physiology
The study of how the body functions.
Neurophysiology
The study of how the nervous system functions.
Pathophysiology
The study of the mechanisms of disease.
Comparative Physiology
The study of the similarities and differences in the physiology of different species.
Characteristics that define being alive
Organization, Cells, Metabolism, Development, Differentiation, Growth, Excitability, Homeostasis, Reproduction, Evolution.
Homeostasis
The ability of an organism to maintain stable internal conditions.
Negative Feedback
A mechanism in which the body senses a change and activates mechanisms that negate it, keeping the body at a set point.
Dynamic Equilibrium
A state of ever-changing balance within limits.
Positive Feedback
A self-amplifying cycle where the change leads to an even greater change in the same direction. Example: Childbirth, blood clotting, high fever.
Atoms, Molecules, Organelles, Cells, Tissue, Organs, Organ Systems, Organism
Levels of organization in the body.
