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Oxygenation and Perfusion CAD
Study
1
Question
Collaborative management
Answer
The coordinated efforts of multiple healthcare professionals to manage a patient's condition.
2
Question
Identification of high risk for CAD
Answer
The process of identifying individuals who are at an increased risk for coronary artery disease (CAD).
3
Question
Health history
Answer
A collection of information about a patient's past and present health conditions, including their medical history and any preexisting conditions.
4
Question
Physical history
Answer
A record of a patient's physical characteristics and any abnormalities or changes that may be relevant to their health.
5
Question
Environmental factors
Answer
External factors that can contribute to the development or progression of a disease, such as exposure to toxins or pollutants.
6
Question
Psychosocial
Answer
Referring to the influence of psychological and social factors on an individual's health and well-being.
7
Question
Employment history
Answer
A record of a patient's past and present employment, including any occupational hazards or exposures that may impact their health.
8
Question
Health attitudes
Answer
A person's beliefs, opinions, and behaviors related to their health and healthcare practices.
9
Question
Educational background
Answer
A person's level of education and knowledge, which can impact their understanding and ability to manage their health.
10
Question
Management of risk factors
Answer
Strategies and interventions aimed at reducing or controlling the factors that contribute to the development of a disease, such as lifestyle modifications or medication.
11
Question
Healthy diet
Answer
A balanced and nutritious eating plan that is rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats.
12
Question
Exercise
Answer
Physical activity that is planned, structured, and repetitive for the purpose of improving or maintaining physical fitness and overall health.
13
Question
Medications
Answer
Prescribed or over-the-counter drugs used to treat or manage a specific health condition.
14
Question
Healthy weight
Answer
A weight range that is considered optimal for an individual's height, age, and body composition, and is associated with a reduced risk of chronic diseases.
15
Question
Stop smoking
Answer
Cessation of tobacco use, which is an important step in reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease and other health problems.
16
Question
Alcohol
Answer
The consumption of alcoholic beverages, which should be done in moderation to minimize the risk of adverse health effects.
17
Question
Stress reduction
Answer
Techniques and activities aimed at reducing or managing stress, such as relaxation exercises, meditation, or counseling.
18
Question
Antiplatelet therapy
Answer
The use of medications that prevent the aggregation of platelets in the blood, which is important for reducing the risk of blood clots and cardiovascular events.
19
Question
Vasodilators
Answer
Medications that cause the blood vessels to relax and widen, which can help to lower blood pressure and improve blood flow.
20
Question
ACE Inhibitors
Answer
A class of medications that inhibit the action of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), which helps to control blood pressure and reduce the workload on the heart.
21
Question
Beta blockers
Answer
Medications that block the effects of adrenaline and reduce heart rate and blood pressure, which can be beneficial in managing cardiovascular conditions.
22
Question
Calcium channel blockers
Answer
Medications that inhibit the movement of calcium into the cells of the heart and blood vessels, which can help to relax the blood vessels and improve blood flow.
23
Question
Time is muscle
Answer
The concept that time is critical in the treatment of a heart attack, and the sooner blood flow is restored to the heart muscle, the better the outcome and chance of preserving heart function.
24
Question
Initial actions upon presentation
Answer
The immediate steps taken when a patient presents with symptoms of a cardiac event, such as assessing the patient, providing oxygen, establishing intravenous access, and obtaining baseline labs and imaging.
25
Question
ABCs
Answer
An acronym for Airway, Breathing, and Circulation, which are the primary focuses in the initial assessment and management of a patient in a critical condition.
26
Question
Assessment
Answer
The process of gathering information and evaluating a patient's condition, including vital signs, symptoms, and medical history, in order to make a diagnosis and develop a treatment plan.
27
Question
VS
Answer
An abbreviation for vital signs, which typically include measurements of the patient's blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and temperature.
28
Question
Rhythm
Answer
The regularity or pattern of electrical impulses in the heart, which can be evaluated through various tests, such as an electrocardiogram (ECG).
29
Question
Pain
Answer
An unpleasant sensation that can range from mild to severe and is often an indicator of tissue damage or disease.
30
Question
IV access
Answer
The establishment of a intravenous route for the administration of fluids, medications, or other treatments directly into the bloodstream.
Dysrhythmias
Study
1
Question
Dysrhythmias
Answer
Abnormal heart rhythm
2
Question
What is a dysrhythmia?
Answer
An abnormal heart rhythm that can affect the normal electrical conduction of the heart
3
Question
What do dysrhythmias affect?
Answer
Normal electrical conduction, depolarization, repolarization, autonomic nervous system
4
Question
Normal electrical conduction
Answer
The normal flow of electrical impulses through the heart
5
Question
Depolarization
Answer
The contraction of the heart muscle cells
6
Question
Repolarization
Answer
The relaxation of the heart muscle cells
7
Question
Autonomic Nervous System
Answer
The part of the nervous system that controls involuntary body functions
8
Question
Sympathetic Nervous System
Answer
The part of the autonomic nervous system that is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response
9
Question
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Answer
The part of the autonomic nervous system that is responsible for the 'rest and digest' response
10
Question
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
Answer
A test that measures the electrical activity of the heart
11
Question
12 lead ECG
Answer
An ECG that uses 12 different leads to measure the electrical activity of the heart from different angles
12
Question
Bedside Cardiac Monitor
Answer
A device that continuously monitors a patient's heart rhythm
13
Question
Telemetry
Answer
A remote monitoring system that allows healthcare providers to monitor a patient's heart rhythm from a central station
14
Question
Holter Monitor
Answer
A portable device that records a patient's heart rhythm for 24-48 hours
15
Question
Waveforms and Intervals
Answer
The different patterns and timings seen on an ECG
16
Question
P wave
Answer
The first peak in an ECG waveform, representing atrial depolarization
17
Question
QRS Complex
Answer
The complex shape in an ECG waveform, representing ventricular depolarization
18
Question
T wave
Answer
The peak in an ECG waveform, representing ventricular repolarization
19
Question
PR Interval
Answer
The time between the P wave and the start of the QRS complex, representing the delay in the AV node
20
Question
PRI (pregnancy)
Answer
P-wave Rate Interval
21
Question
ST segment
Answer
The flat line between the QRS complex and the T wave, representing ventricular repolarization
22
Question
QT interval
Answer
The time from the start of the QRS complex to the end of the T wave, representing ventricular depolarization and repolarization
23
Question
Determining Heart Rate
Answer
Calculating the number of heart beats per minute
24
Question
Examination of the ECG paper
Answer
Analyzing the different components and measurements on the ECG graph paper
25
Question
Small square
Answer
0.04 sec
26
Question
1500 small squares
Answer
6 seconds
27
Question
Large square
Answer
0.20 sec
28
Question
300 large squares
Answer
6 seconds
29
Question
Methods to approximate HR when regular 6 second strip
Answer
Count small or large squares, memorize mnemonic: 300, 150, 100, 75, 60, 50, 43, 32
30
Question
Rhythm Analysis
Answer
Evaluating the regularity and characteristics of the heart rhythm
Acute decompensated heart failure
Study
1
Question
What is the first-line treatment for acute decompensated heart failure?
Answer
Intravenous loop diuretics (e.g. furosemide)
2
Question
What is the goal of diuretic therapy in acute decompensated heart failure?
Answer
To relieve pulmonary congestion and reduce edema
3
Question
What is the role of vasodilators in the treatment of acute decompensated heart failure?
Answer
To reduce afterload and improve cardiac output
4
Question
Which vasodilators are commonly used in the treatment of acute decompensated heart failure?
Answer
Nitroglycerin and nitroprusside
5
Question
What is the role of inotropic agents in the treatment of acute decompensated heart failure?
Answer
To improve myocardial contractility and cardiac output
6
Question
What are some commonly used inotropic agents in the treatment of acute decompensated heart failure?
Answer
Dobutamine and milrinone
7
Question
What is the role of beta-blockers in the treatment of acute decompensated heart failure?
Answer
To reduce heart rate, improve ventricular filling, and prevent arrhythmias
8
Question
When are beta-blockers contraindicated in the treatment of acute decompensated heart failure?
Answer
In the presence of cardiogenic shock or severe hypotension
9
Question
What is the role of oxygen therapy in the treatment of acute decompensated heart failure?
Answer
To correct hypoxemia and reduce myocardial workload
10
Question
What is the role of fluid restriction in the treatment of acute decompensated heart failure?
Answer
To prevent volume overload and reduce edema
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