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KAA-Lecture 2-Nucleic Acids 8_14.pdf Flashcards
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KAA-Lecture 2-Nucleic Acids 8_14.pdf Flashcards
KAA-Lecture 2-Nucleic Acids 8_14.pdf Flashcards
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1
Question
What is the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology?
Answer
DNA -> RNA -> Protein.
2
Question
What is the process through which the information contained in DNA is expressed?
Answer
The information is expressed through the production of mRNA (transcription) and the synthesis of proteins (translation).
3
Question
What is the sugar component of DNA?
Answer
Deoxyribose.
4
Question
What are the bases in DNA?
Answer
Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), Thymine (T).
5
Question
What is the structure of DNA?
Answer
DNA is double-stranded.
6
Question
What is the sugar component of RNA?
Answer
Ribose.
7
Question
What are the bases in RNA?
Answer
Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), Uracil (U).
8
Question
What are the two types of nucleic acids in cells?
Answer
DNA and RNA.
9
Question
What are nucleic acids?
Answer
Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides and are essential for all known forms of life.
10
Question
What important roles do nucleic acids play?
Answer
Nucleic acids function in encoding, transmitting, and expressing genetic information.
11
Question
Where do single-stranded DNA exist?
Answer
Single-stranded DNA exists in viruses.
12
Question
What do regions of DNA called genes contain?
Answer
Genes contain the instructions for making proteins.
13
Question
What are proteins?
Answer
Proteins are diverse and versatile macromolecules that perform most cell functions.
14
Question
What are some functions of proteins?
Answer
Cell structure building blocks, catalyzing chemical reactions (enzymes), cell communication, movement, and production of antibodies.
15
Question
How many base pairs does the entire human genome contain?
Answer
Approximately 32 billion base pairs.
16
Question
How many genes does human DNA contain?
Answer
Less than 30,000 genes.
17
Question
What percentage of human DNA comprises genes?
Answer
Genes comprise approximately 2% of human DNA.
18
Question
What is the Human Genome Project?
Answer
A project that mapped the entire human genome.
19
Question
What is DNA?
Answer
Deoxyribonucleic Acid, the human genetic blueprint.
20
Question
What is the shape of DNA?
Answer
DNA forms a double helix.
21
Question
What stabilizes the double helix structure of DNA?
Answer
Van der Waals interactions, hydrophobic properties of nitrogen bases, and hydrogen bonds between the nitrogen bases.
22
Question
What are major and minor grooves in DNA?
Answer
Sections of double helix DNA that are exposed and can interact with proteins and other molecules.
23
Question
What are the different forms of DNA?
Answer
B DNA (predominant form), A DNA (found in DNA-RNA hybrids), Z DNA (left-handed helix formed transiently in cells).
24
Question
What is a nucleotide?
Answer
The basic subunit (monomer) of DNA, consisting of a 5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
25
Question
What are the nitrogenous bases of DNA?
Answer
Pyrimidines: Cytosine (C), Thymine (T). Purines: Adenine (A), Guanine (G).
26
Question
What are deoxynucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs)?
Answer
Nucleic acid monomers containing the sugar deoxyribose, used as building blocks for DNA.
27
Question
What kind of bond holds the backbone of DNA together?
Answer
Phosphodiester bonds.
28
Question
What is AZT and its function?
Answer
AZT (Azidothymidine) is a nucleoside analog of thymidine that is converted to a nucleotide analog in the body, replacing thymidine in DNA during synthesis, resulting in chain termination.
29
Question
What is the role of AZT in treating HIV?
Answer
AZT is effective in treating retroviral infections because the viral enzyme reverse transcriptase uses AZT triphosphate preferentially over thymidine triphosphate.
30
Question
What is HIV?
Answer
Human Immunodeficiency Virus, a retrovirus.
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