Chapter One - The Low Energy State
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Chapter One - The Low Energy State
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What is the most important concept in medicine according to Chapter One?
The low energy state is the most important concept in medicine.
What are the two foundational topics that the low energy state is based on?
The low energy state is based on a fusion of biochemistry and physiology.
Why does the body create and expend energy daily?
Every cell in the body needs energy; if the body runs out of energy, every cell will eventually die.
Which cells will run out of energy first in the body?
The rapidly dividing cells will run out of energy first because they use the most energy.
What are nucleotides and why are they important for rapidly dividing cells?
Nucleotides are the building blocks of DNA, which costs a lot of energy in the form of ATP.
What happens to epithelial cells in the low energy state?
Epithelial cells no longer have ATP for collagen synthesis or DNA repair, leading to dry, flaky, and itchy skin.
What are the consequences of low energy state on hair?
Hair epithelial cells no longer have ATP for replacement, leading to dry, brittle hair that eventually falls out.
What happens to nails and cuticles in a low energy state?
Epidermal skin under the nail stops making new cells, resulting in dry and brittle nails.
How does the low energy state affect the GI tract?
The mucosal epithelium no longer has ATP for active transport of nutrients, causing malabsorption, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
What is the function of cilia on the respiratory epithelium?
Cilia move mucus containing particles, pathogens, and dead cells from the distal airways up to the trachea, inducing the cough reflex.
What occurs without cilia function in the respiratory tract?
Mucus blocks the airway, causing ventilation problems and trapping particles, pathogens, and dead cells, leading to respiratory infections.
What role does the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) play in kidney function?
The PCT reabsorbs 70-80% of everything from urine filtrate.
What happens to blood solute concentrations if PCT cells are nonfunctional due to lack of energy?
Blood concentration of solutes usually secreted into the urine will increase, while blood concentration of solutes usually reabsorbed from the urine will decrease.
Define reabsorption in the context of kidney function.
Reabsorption is the process of moving things from the urine back into the blood.
Define secretion in the context of kidney function.
Secretion is the process of moving things from the blood out to the urine for excretion.
What is a Low Energy State in the uterus?
In a Low Energy State, the uterus experiences a lack of ATP in endometrial cells, preventing replication every month, which results in secondary amenorrhea.
What are the consequences of a Low Energy State uterus on fertilized eggs?
Without endometrial replication, there is no source of nourishment for fertilized eggs trying to implant in the uterine wall, resulting in sterility.
What happens to ductal epithelium in a Low Energy State breast?
The ductal epithelium will atrophy, and the tissue becomes fibrous and dense.
What effects does a Low Energy State have on testicles?
There is decreased function of the epithelium of the seminiferous tubules, leading to low sperm count and sterility.
What is the response of endothelium cells under low energy state conditions?
Endothelium cells, which are not rapidly dividing under normal circumstances, become inflamed when injured, leading to vasculitis.
What is vasculitis and its consequences?
Vasculitis causes tears in platelets and red blood cells (RBCs), creating schistocytes, which results in a drop in RBC count and platelet count.
What are the symptoms of low platelet count due to vasculitis?
If there are not enough platelets, the patient will start bleeding from skin and mucosal surfaces, causing petechiae, purpura, and ecchymoses, along with bleeding in GI, GU, and respiratory tracts.
Where are pluripotent stem cells located?
Pluripotent stem cells are located underneath all epithelium.
What happens to stem cells in a low energy state?
In a low energy state, stem cells are in overdrive, rapidly replacing lost dividing cells, but they themselves become low energy.
What is the consequence of low ATP in the bone marrow?
Without ATP, hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow cannot differentiate into other cell lines, causing anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia.
What are the three reasons the body needs stem cells to replicate?
1. Apoptosis - scheduled cell death. 2. Necrosis - unscheduled cellular death due to accidents. 3. Mutation - live cells with mutations, as seen in cancer.
How does a low energy state with faulty stem cells predispose a person to cancer?
Faulty stem cells in a low energy state can lead to insufficient replacement of damaged cells, resulting in a higher risk of mutations and cancer.
What type of cells are classified as labile cells?
Labile cells are constantly dividing, examples include rapidly dividing cells.
What are stable cells and their examples?
Stable cells only divide when necessary; examples include functional tissue of the liver, pancreas, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and smooth muscle cells.
What type of cells are permanent cells?
Permanent cells cannot divide; examples include neurons, cardiac myocytes, and skeletal myocytes.