Lecture 2 8_13.pdf Flashcards
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Lecture 2 8_13.pdf Flashcards
Lecture 2 8_13.pdf Flashcards
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What is bone and its appearance in fresh state?
Bone is a solid organ that appears pinkish-white externally and deep red internally when in the fresh state.
What are the two types of bone?
The two types of bone are compact (or cortical) bone and cancellous (or woven) bone.
How do the relative quantities of compact and cancellous bone vary?
The relative quantities of compact and cancellous bone vary in different locations depending on the relative requirements for strength and flexibility at a given site.
What is cartilage?
Cartilage is an avascular form of connective tissue consisting of extracellular fibers embedded in a matrix that contains cells localized in small cavities.
What are the functions of cartilage?
The functions of cartilage are: a) to support soft tissues, b) to provide a smooth gliding surface for bone articulations at joints, c) to enable the development and growth of long bones.
What are the three types of cartilage?
The three types of cartilage are: 1) Hyaline - most common, mostly collagen fibers found on articular surfaces of bones, 2) Elastic - contains collagen and elastic fibers, found in the external ear, 3) Fibrocartilage - contains a substantial amount of collagen, found in intervertebral discs.
How is cartilage nourished?
Cartilage is nourished through diffusion and has no blood vessels, lymphatics, or nerves.
What are joints?
Joints are the sites where two skeletal elements come together.
What are the two general categories of joints?
The two general categories of joints are: 1) Synovial joints (when the skeletal elements are separated by a cavity), 2) Solid joints (when there is no cavity present but the skeletal components are held together by connective tissue).
What are the characteristics of synovial joints?
Synovial joints have an articular cavity, a layer of hyaline cartilage covering the skeletal surfaces, a joint capsule consisting of fibrous and synovial membrane, and may include an articular disc, fat pads, and tendons.
What are solid joints and how are they categorized?
Solid joints have no separating cavity, and their skeletal structures are connected by fibrous connective tissue or cartilage. They are categorized into Fibrous Joints (including Sutures, Gomphoses, Syndesmoses) and Cartilaginous Joints (including Synchondroses and Symphyses).
What are the different types of anatomical bone?
The different types of anatomical bone include: 1) Long bones (Diaphyses, Metaphyses, Epiphyses), 2) Flat bones, 3) Short bones, 4) Sesamoid bones.
What are long bones and provide examples?
Long bones are the longest bones in your body, especially in your arms and legs. Examples include the femur (upper thigh bone), humerus (upper arm bone), tibia (shin bone), and fibula (calf bone).
What is compact (cortical) bone?
Compact (cortical) bone is well packed and densely organized bone that appears ivory-like and is very strong. It is mainly found in the diaphyses of long bones.
What is cancellous (woven) bone?
Cancellous (woven) bone is loosely woven lattices with relatively less dense organization of the bone tissue. It is found in the epiphyses and metaphyses of long bones.
What are short bones?
Short bones are thinner and weaker than long bones, including the bones of your hands and wrists and the talus bone in your ankle.
What are flat bones?
Flat bones are wider and less round than long bones. Examples include the plates that make up your skull, ribs, and the clavicle (collarbone).
What are sesamoid bones?
Sesamoid bones are rooted in tendons or muscles, embedded within them. Examples include the patella (kneecap) and some metacarpal bones of the hands.
What are bones made of?
Bones are made of cells and proteins, with the cortex being the rigid hard outer layer and cancellous bone (spongy bone) being much less dense and more flexible.
What are osteoblasts and osteoclasts?
Osteoblasts are special cells that form new bone cells, while osteoclasts are cells that break down and remove older bone cells.
What is skin and its main layers?
The skin is the largest organ in the body, consisting of the epidermis (outer layer that is avascular) and the dermis (a dense bed of connective tissue).
What are the functions of skin?
The skin functions as a mechanical and permeability barrier, a sensory and thermoregulatory organ, and can initiate primary immune responses.
What is fascia?
Fascia is connective tissue containing varying amounts of fat that separate, support, and interconnect organs and structures, enabling movement and the transit of vessels and nerves.
What are the two categories of fascia?
The two categories of fascia are: 1) Superficial fascia, which lies just deep to and is attached to the dermis of the skin, and 2) Deep fascia, which forms a covering over deeper regions of the body.
What does the cardiovascular system consist of?
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, which pumps blood throughout the body, and the blood vessels.
What are the three types of blood vessels?
The three types of blood vessels are: 1) Arteries, which transport blood away from the heart, 2) Veins, which transport blood back to the heart, and 3) Capillaries, which connect the arteries and the veins.
What is the lymphatic system and its functions?
The lymphatic system helps maintain the body's fluid balance, defend against infection, and absorb fats and cell debris. It is a network of smaller capillary-like channels that form larger vessels connecting with the large veins at the root of the neck.
How is the nervous system categorized?
The nervous system can be separated into two parts based on structure or function: Structurally into the Central Nervous System (CNS: brain and spinal cord) and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS: nerves outside the CNS). Functionally into Somatic (innervates the skin and most skeletal muscle) and Visceral (innervates organ systems, smooth muscle, and glands).